What happens after you drop out? Transition to adulthood among early school-leavers in urban Indonesia

Education and transition to work: Evidence from Vietnam, Cambodia and Nepal

“…Within cohort, higher levels of education attainment among school leavers have been linked to faster transition to work in developing contexts as diverse as Chitwan Valley, Nepal (Yabiku and Schlabach 2009), Cape Town, South Africa (Lam, Leibbrandt, and Mlatsheni 2007) and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (Anne E. Calvès, Kobiané, and N’Bouké 2013). In contrast, among youths who had dropped out of school at age 16 or below in Jakarta, Indonesia, less than a quarter of early school-leavers worked in the immediate year following school exit, and about 30 per cent neither worked nor studied between the ages of 12–18 (Utomo et al 2014). Similarly, among the out-of-school and out-of-work youths aged 19 to 24 in Latin America, 60 per cent have failed to complete secondary school (Navarro et al 2016).…”

“…In Latin America alone, about 19 per cent of the total youth population were estimated to be neither in employment nor in education or training (NEET), and the number of young male NEET had grown by 46 per cent between 1992 and 2010 (Navarro et al 2016). Among the NEET population are children who have dropped out of school early and remained idle since (Utomo et al 2014; Bacolod and Ranjan 2008), as well as young people who are educated and yet unemployed (Jeffrey 2010; Mains 2011). These unique challenges raise the need for a better understanding of the role of education in shaping when and how children and youths enter the labour market in contexts where poverty, school and work are intricately linked.…”

Schooling Decisions in Indonesia: a Lesson From Indonesian Crisis

“…Levine & Ames (2003) showed that parents protect boys from girls in the greater area affected by the economic crisis in Indonesia. Utomo et al (2014) and Tsaneva (2017) showed that the participation of girls' graduate schools in Indonesia, especially primary education, is relatively lower than boys. Levine & Ames (2003) showed that parents protect children more boys than girls in the greater area affected by the economic crisis in Indonesia during the period 1997-1999.…”

“…Levine & Ames (2003) showed that parents protect children more boys than girls in the greater area affected by the economic crisis in Indonesia during the period 1997-1999. Utomo et al (2014) showed that the participation of girls' graduate schools in Indonesia, especially primary education, is relatively lower than boys. Takahashi (2011) states there were indications of the gender gap in school attendance rates between girls and boys in primary and secondary education in Indonesia, but the gap has decreased in secondary education.…”

Pattern and Determinant of Successful School to Work Transition of Young People in Islamic Developing Countries: Evidence From Egypt, Jordan and Bangladesh

“…Yet, being married significantly increases the probability for male youth to get good work by 45 percent in Bangladesh, 172 percent in Jordan and 16 percent in Egypt compared with single male youth (Table 1). findings that married women have low rates of labour participation due to domestic responsibilities (Chamlou et al, 2011: 1;Utomo et al, 2014Utomo et al, : 1189. This finding reflects the traditional division of labour within households where husbands work in the market sectors as the main income earners while wives are domestic workers.…”