What happened in China during the 1918 influenza pandemic?

Cheng, Kin Fai; Leung, Ping‐Chung

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2006.07.009

Cited by 58 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…The argument for a Chinese origin is supported by observations of a (relatively) milder second wave in both China and Chinese populations in Canada, suggesting they may have been subject to previous exposure to the virus [22,35]. Alternatively, Cheng and Leung argue that China’s escape from a more severe pandemic was due to the role of traditional Chinese herbal medicine [36]. …”

Section: 1918–1920: Spanish Flumentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission

2016

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For centuries, novel strains of influenza have emerged to produce human pandemics, causing widespread illness, death, and disruption. There have been four influenza pandemics in the past hundred years. During this time, globalization processes, alongside advances in medicine and epidemiology, have altered the way these pandemics are experienced. Drawing on international case studies, this paper provides a review of the impact of past influenza pandemics, while examining the evolution of our understanding of, and response to, these viruses. This review argues that pandemic influenza is in part a consequence of human development, and highlights the importance of considering outbreaks within the context of shifting global landscapes. While progress in infectious disease prevention, control, and treatment has improved our ability to respond to such outbreaks, globalization processes relating to human behaviour, demographics, and mobility have increased the threat of pandemic emergence and accelerated global disease transmission. Preparedness planning must continue to evolve to keep pace with this heightened risk. Herein, we look to the past for insights on the pandemic experience, underlining both progress and persisting challenges. However, given the uncertain timing and severity of future pandemics, we emphasize the need for flexible policies capable of responding to change as such emergencies develop.

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Section: 1918–1920: Spanish Flumentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission

2016

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“…20,21 The use of Chinese medicine in antiepidemic therapy has stood the test of time as a trusted and popular treatment. 22 It is perhaps not surprising, then, that 44% of respondents in this survey rated the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicines as high to very high; also, a further 42% felt it had a medium level of effectiveness. Traditional medicines received a higher rating than antiviral medication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Hospital Health Care Workers’ Understanding of and Attitudes Toward Pandemic Influenza in Beijing

Seale

Wang

Yang

et al. 2010

Asia Pac J Public Health

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During a pandemic, health care workers (HCWs) will be essential to the health system response. This pre-pandemic study aimed to extend previous research by assessing the views, and intended behaviors of hospital HCWs in Beijing, China, regarding pandemic influenza. We undertook a cross-sectional investigation of a sample of HCWs from 24 hospitals in Beijing, China in January 2009. The main outcome measures were intentions regarding work attendance and quarantine, antiviral use and perceived preparation. Our study found that most HCWs perceived pandemic influenza to be very serious but very few were able to correctly define it. 74% (n=1406) of respondents accepted the risk of getting pandemic influenza as part of their job and 71% (n=1350) felt that they have the necessary knowledge to provide patient care during it. We identified two issues that could undermine the best of pandemic plans - the first, a low level of confidence in antivirals as an effective intervention; secondly, a high proportion of staff potentially engaging in inappropriate working behaviors.

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“…As discussed elsewhere [7] the 1918-1919 "Spanish Flu" Pandemic occurred before the advent of air travel and its spread had many inconsistent epidemiological features at odds with a human-to-human contagion explanation, the most striking being the simultaneous outbreaks of the disease in far distant global locations, such as Boston and Bombay, on the same day [8][9][10][11]. Such inconsistent pathogen transmission phenomena, when carefully evaluated, may apply to other historical pandemics [9].…”

Section: Panspermia Evolutionary Bursts and Genome Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Dangers of Adhering to an Obsolete Paradigm: Could Zika Virus Lead to a Reversal of Human Evolution?

Nc¹,

Steele²

2015

Astrobiol Outreach

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The recent emergence of a form of the Zika virus leading to microencephaly in new-born infants would continue to pose a major Global threat until its ultimate origins are properly understood. We argue that adhering to the obsolete paradigm of closed-box Darwinian evolution is a major obstacle to progress. If the Zika virus escalates unchecked its soma-to-germ line transfer might effectively lead to the emergence of a new human species with a diminished level of cognition.

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What happened in China during the 1918 influenza pandemic?

Cited by 58 publications

References 6 publications

Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission

Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission

Hospital Health Care Workers’ Understanding of and Attitudes Toward Pandemic Influenza in Beijing

Dangers of Adhering to an Obsolete Paradigm: Could Zika Virus Lead to a Reversal of Human Evolution?

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