What happened and what's next?

Sieh, Kerry

doi:10.1038/434573a

Cited by 38 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…A slow rupture around the epicenter expanded at a speed of 2-to-3 km per second toward the NNW, extending 1,200-to-1,300 km along the Andaman trough (Ammon et al, 2005). The series of ruptures lasted for about 8 minutes, with a long rupture inducing the giant earthquake and expanding the tsunami source area for 600-to-800 km NNW from the epicenter (Sieh, 2005;Stein and Okal, 2005;Ni et al, 2005;Lay et al, 2005;Krüger and Ohrnberger, 2005;Ishii et al, 2005). Shifts in the sea floor displaced more than 30 km 3 of seawater, generating a tsunami with principal wave period of about 30 minutes and raising global sea level by about 0.1 mm (Bilham, 2005;Lay et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in the Maldives: scale of the disaster and topographic effects on atoll reefs and islands

Kan¹,

Ali²,

Riyaz³

2007

Atoll Research Bulletin

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Following the tsunami caused by the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004, the Republic of Maldives reported 82 confirmed deaths, 26 people missing and more than 3,997 incidents of house/building damage. Such an experience suggests that all atoll nations/districts in the Pacific and Indian Oceans face a potential risk of severe tsunami-induced damage, and an understanding of what occurred may help us to form a basis for recognizing the safer areas of land on atoll islands.To this end, we investigated 43 islands in the northern-to-southern Maldives by measuring watermarks and profiles across the islands, and interviewing local residents to determine the characteristics of the tsunami and evacuation procedures.The movement and influence of the tsunami varied by atoll and island topography. In the northern Maldives where the atoll rims consist of numerous faroes and are interrupted by many channels, the tsunami entered the lagoons through these channels and appeared to set-up the lagoon water level. The backwash of the lagoon water to the open ocean caused inundation of the lagoon-side villages on islands at the eastern atoll rim. Beach ridges developed on the eastern side of these islands acted as breakwaters against the tsunami from the east. In contrast, catastrophic damage and high run-up levels of 3.6 m above Mean Sea Level (MSL) at maximum water depth occurred on the eastern islands in atolls with a continuous atoll rim in the southern Maldives. Damage on the western atoll rims and in the lagoons was relatively small. The continuous eastern atoll rim and its islands acted as a breakwater against the tsunami from the east. The eastern islands in atolls in the central Maldives where the atoll rim is moderately interrupted by channels were hit by both the direct surge from the east and floodwater from the lagoon. Less damage was reported from the far southern atolls where major channels cut across the atoll chain.The movement of the tsunami in atolls thus differed according to the distribution of the atolls in the archipelago and the continuity of atoll rims against the incoming direction of the tsunami. The disaster status on individual islands also differed according ______________________________________________________________________

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in the Maldives: scale of the disaster and topographic effects on atoll reefs and islands

Kan¹,

Ali²,

Riyaz³

2007

Atoll Research Bulletin

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“…This earthquake did not cause significant tsunami. Multi-disciplinary and comprehensive studies on these two great earthquakes are underway [8,9] . It is expected that more detailed results will be reported in the coming years.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sieh [8,9] reported that the 2004 earthquake uplifted the coastal line in the epicenter for 1500-1550 mm based on geomorphic measurements. However, there is no GPS measurement in the epicenter area due to the lack of station.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Far-field coseismic displacements associated with the great Sumatra earthquakes of December 26, 2004 and March 29, 2005 constrained by Global Positioning System

et al. 2006

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Based on continuous GPS observations within China as well as global GPS tracking network, a calculation has been made of far-field coseismic displacements associated with the December, 2004 (Mw = 9.3) and March, 2005 (Mw = 8.7) earthquakes. The far-field coseismic displacements are associated with the 2004 shock range more than 6000-7000 km in both north-south and east-west dimensions, and depict an undulated wave pattern of contraction and extension. The coseismic displacements associated with the 2005 event, however, are distributed near the epicentral region, and the event itself may be an aftershock of the 2004 earthquake.

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“…Early magnitude estimates were as low as M w = 8.2, fully 1.1 magnitude units below the current estimate of M w = 9.3. Initial estimates of fault length were also low-as low as 400 km-consistent with the initially low estimate of magnitude, and only one-third of the current estimate of 1,200-1,300 km (Sieh 2005). These early underestimates marred the initial effort to assess the severity of this great earthquake, although other factors, and especially completely inadequate emergency planning at the global scale, arguably had a greater impact on the humanitarian response (Weinstein et al 2005).…”

Section: Estimates Of Moment and Magnitudementioning

confidence: 64%

“…An example of this triggering is the M w = 8.5 rupture that occurred roughly 300 km to the south of the December 26th event (Vigny et al 2005). Given the active nature of the tectonic structure in this region as well as the awareness that large earthquakes generally come in clusters (Sieh 2005), there is a real need to develop raid size estimation technology and efficient hazard warning systems.…”

Section: Estimates Of Moment and Magnitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the source characteristics of the Great Sumatra–Andaman Islands earthquake of 2004

et al. 2006

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The December 26, 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Island earthquake, which ruptured the Sunda Trench subduction zone, is one of the three largest earthquakes to occur since global monitoring began in the 1890s. Its seismic moment was M 0 = 1.00 · 10 23 -1.15 · 10 23 Nm, corresponding to a moment-magnitude of M w = 9.3. The rupture propagated from south to north, with the southerly part of fault rupturing at a speed of 2.8 km/s. Rupture propagation appears to have slowed in the northern section, possibly to~2.1 km/s, although published estimates have considerable scatter. The average slip is~5 m along a shallowly dipping (8°), N31°W striking thrust fault. The majority of slip and moment release appears to have been concentrated in the southern part of the rupture zone, where slip locally exceeded 30 m. Stress loading from this earthquake caused the section of the plate boundary immediately to the south to rupture in a second, somewhat smaller earthquake. This second earthquake occurred on March 28, 2005 and had a moment-magnitude of M w = 8.5.

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What happened and what's next?

Cited by 38 publications

References 9 publications

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in the Maldives: scale of the disaster and topographic effects on atoll reefs and islands

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in the Maldives: scale of the disaster and topographic effects on atoll reefs and islands

Far-field coseismic displacements associated with the great Sumatra earthquakes of December 26, 2004 and March 29, 2005 constrained by Global Positioning System

Review of the source characteristics of the Great Sumatra–Andaman Islands earthquake of 2004

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