What goes where? Eye tracking reveals spatial relational memory during infancy

Richmond, Jenny L.; Zhao, Jenna; Burns, Mary

doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.013

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…These findings join a considerable literature suggesting that even very young children process relational abilities, including spatial (Kirkham et al, ; Richmond et al, ), temporal (Hupp & Sloutsky, ; Johnson et al, ; Tummeltshammer et al, ), and associative (Fiser & Aslin, ). Although most of these studies have examined these early abilities in the context of extraction of statistical lures as opposed to retention of relational features of individual events, each demonstrates that eye gaze can be a useful reflection of relational processing.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…These findings underscore that this method can be sensitive to factors, such as forgetting rate, which may explain developmental differences in early memory function among pre‐verbal and verbal children (Morgan & Hayne, ). Richmond, Zhao, and Burns () extended the use of the preferential looking paradigm to examine early capacity to form a relation between items and their locations. Specifically, the researchers showed a set of three co‐occurring items at different locations on a computer screen to 9, 18, and 27‐month‐old participants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The researchers later violated the location of these items by swapping their position on the screen. Participants of age 18 and 27 months looked longer at items whose location had been switched, demonstrating retention of the initial spatial location (Richmond et al, ). In contrast, 9‐month‐olds did not show a reliable novelty preference for switched locations unless they were given more familiarization time, suggesting age‐related improvements in the encoding of spatial relational information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associative binding in early childhood: Evidence from a preferential looking paradigm

Johnson

Leckey

Davinson

et al. 2019

Developmental Psychobiology

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Relational memory processes are responsible for forming representations that bind together the co‐occurring elements of an experience. These processes provide a foundation of episodic memory, the capacity to remember specific events about one's past. In the present research, we used a visual comparison paradigm to determine whether toddlers can form memories for the relation between co‐occurring items. In Experiment 1, 66 2‐year‐olds viewed pairs of cartoon faces (AB; CD) and did not show a significant novelty preference for the violated associations (i.e., did not look longer at AD rearranged pair than old AB pair when exposed to AD‐AB). However, toddlers looked longest at the individual face (i.e., D) violating a studied pair, which appeared to be supported by visual preference for centrally located stimuli. In Experiment 2, 46 2‐year‐olds participated in a similar procedure, but faces violating the pair during test were located to the periphery (e.g., AB‐AC). Under these conditions, toddlers looked longer at recombined pair AC. Overall, our results show that toddlers show some ability to make item‐item associations but may need to overcome preferential looking biases to demonstrate this capacity. Furthermore, looking behaviors beyond overall novelty preference may be informative even when overall novelty preference is not found.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Associative binding in early childhood: Evidence from a preferential looking paradigm

Johnson

Leckey

Davinson

et al. 2019

Developmental Psychobiology

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show abstract

“…reported that 3- and 6-month-old infants remembered human faces after a delay of 24 hours. Richmond et al 9. employed a habituation task to show that 9-month-old infants remembered spatial arrangements of objects over a 24-hour delay.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the performance on all of these tasks in the test phase after a delay was influenced by context changes in the encoding phase, the memory system involved in these tasks is considered declarative5. However, during the encoding phase of these tasks, an identical stimuli/action was repeatedly presented8910, or infants were trained to perform a particular action several times12. Therefore, these studies did not necessarily examine an ability of long-term memory of one-time events in preverbal infants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of long-term event memory in preverbal infants: an eye-tracking study

Nakano

Kitazawa

2017

Sci Rep

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The development of long-term event memory in preverbal infants remains elusive. To address this issue, we applied an eye-tracking method that successfully revealed in great apes that they have long-term memory of single events. Six-, 12-, 18- and 24-month-old infants watched a video story in which an aggressive ape-looking character came out from one of two identical doors. While viewing the same video again 24 hours later, 18- and 24-month-old infants anticipatorily looked at the door where the character would show up before it actually came out, but 6- and 12-month-old infants did not. Next, 12-, 18- and 24-month-old infants watched a different video story, in which a human grabbed one of two objects to hit back at the character. In their second viewing after a 24-hour delay, 18- and 24-month-old infants increased viewing time on the objects before the character grabbed one. In this viewing, 24-month-old infants preferentially looked at the object that the human had used, but 18-month-old infants did not show such preference. Our results show that infants at 18 months of age have developed long-term event memory, an ability to encode and retrieve a one-time event and this ability is elaborated thereafter.

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Co-attentional Considerations for Episode-Building in Narrative Construction: Working

West

2022

Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics

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What goes where? Eye tracking reveals spatial relational memory during infancy

Cited by 17 publications

References 27 publications

Associative binding in early childhood: Evidence from a preferential looking paradigm

Associative binding in early childhood: Evidence from a preferential looking paradigm

Development of long-term event memory in preverbal infants: an eye-tracking study

Co-attentional Considerations for Episode-Building in Narrative Construction: Working

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