What Exactly Is Performance?

Spence, Jocelyn

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28395-1_3

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 77 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Infants of only a few months of age have been shown to pick up color–taste associations (Reardon & Bushnell, 1988; see also Higgins & Hayes, 2019). While nowadays a fizzy black liquid would remind most people of a cola beverage, Sprite, the clear fizzy liquid, was once also colored black (see Spence, 2018a). Hence, there can also be a historic element to what counts as congruent in terms of color–taste correspondences.…”

Section: Meaning Of Color In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the manipulation, and meaning(s), of color in food: A historical perspective

Spence

2022

Journal of Food Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

While there has long been public concern over the use of artificial/synthetic food colors, it should be remembered that food and drink products (e.g., red wine) have been purposefully colored for millennia. This narrative historical review highlights a number of reasons that food and drink have been colored, including to capture the shopper's visual attention through to signaling the likely taste/flavor. Over the course of the last century, there has, on occasion, also been interest in the playful, or sometimes even deliberately discombobulating, use of food coloring by modernist chefs and others. The coloring (or absence of color) of food and drink can, though, sometimes also take on more of a symbolic meaning, and, in a few cases, specific food colors may acquire a signature, or branded (i.e., semantic) association. That said, with food color being associated with so many different potential “meanings,” it is an open question as to which meaning the consumer will associate with any given instance of color in food, and what role context may play in their decision. Laboratory‐based sensory science research may not necessarily successfully capture the full range of meanings that may be associated with food color in the mind of the consumer. Nevertheless, it seems likely that food color will continue to play an important role in dictating consumer behavior in the years to come, even though the visual appearance of food is increasingly being mediated via technological means, including virtual and augmented reality.

show abstract

Section: Meaning Of Color In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the manipulation, and meaning(s), of color in food: A historical perspective

Spence

2022

Journal of Food Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Of course, as well as any literal crossmodal associations between colors and flavors (presumably based on associative learning) which may guide our flavor expectations, it is also worth noting that the visual appearance of food can take on a more symbolic meaning. This is perhaps especially clear in the case of the achromatic colors white and black, linked to purity/cleanliness and mourning, respectively (e.g., see Huysmans, 1884/1926 ; Weineck, 2006 ; Carter, 2011 ; Harris, 2011 ; Spence and Piqueras-Fiszman, 2014 ; Piepenbring, 2016 ; Spence, 2018d , 2020a ; Strand, 2020 ). Furthermore, there is also a growing literature on the existence of more abstract crossmodal correspondences between color patches, or combinations of colors, and basic tastes and aromas (e.g., see Wan et al, 2014b ; Spence et al, 2015 ; Woods and Spence, 2016 ; Woods et al, 2016 ; Spence, 2020b ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What's the Story With Blue Steak? On the Unexpected Popularity of Blue Foods

Spence

2021

Front. Psychol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Is blue food desirable or disgusting? The answer, it would seem, is both, but it really depends on the food in which the color happens to be present. It turns out that the oft-cited aversive response to blue meat may not even have been scientifically validated, despite the fact that blue food coloring is often added to discombobulate diners. In the case of drinks, however, there has been a recent growth of successful new blue product launches in everything from beer to tea, and from wine to gin, arguing that coloring food products blue is more than simply a contemporary fad. In fact, the current interest in blue food coloring builds on the color's earlier appearance in everything from blue curacao to blue-raspberry candyfloss (cotton candy), and thereafter a number of soft drinks. Over the years, the combination of blue coloring with raspberry flavoring has also appeared in everything from bubble-gum to patriotic pop rocks (popping candy in The United States). Ultimately, it is the rarity of naturally-blue foods that is likely what makes this color so special. As such, blue food coloring can both work effectively to attract the visual attention of the shopper while, at the same time, being linked to a range of different flavors (since this is one of the few color-flavor mappings that are essentially arbitrary) depending on the food format in which it happens to appear. Note also that the basic descriptor “blue” covers a wide range of hues having a range of different associations, hence eliciting different reactions (be they positive or negative). While blue was once associated with artificiality, a growing number of natural blue food colorings have come onto the market in recent years thus perhaps changing the dominant associations that many consumers may have with this most unusual of food colors.

show abstract

What Exactly Is Performance?

Cited by 2 publications

References 77 publications

On the manipulation, and meaning(s), of color in food: A historical perspective

On the manipulation, and meaning(s), of color in food: A historical perspective

What's the Story With Blue Steak? On the Unexpected Popularity of Blue Foods

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About