What drives smallholder tree growing? Enabling conditions in a changing policy environment

Arvola, Anne; Brockhaus, Maria; Kallio, M.H.; Pham, T.T.; Linh, Dao Thi; Long, Hoang Tuan; Nawir, A.A.; Phimmavong, Somvang; Mwamakimbullah, Reuben; Jacovelli, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102173

Cited by 31 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Van der Meer Simo et al [32] further found that local households were open to expansion of plantation models that provide beneficial effects to local villagers by incorporating their interests. A participatory approach is important because rural households highly depend on land as a source of livelihood and may contest plantation development unless their interests are integrated and recognized in land use and plantation development processes [74,75]. In the case of the private plantation in our study, voluntary certification as a demonstration of sustainability was a prerequisite of its major investors [76,77].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Locals Have a Say? Community Experiences of Participation in Governing Forest Plantations in Tanzania

Degnet

Werf

Ingram

et al. 2020

Forests

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As large-scale forest plantations expand in developing countries, concerns are rising about their relation to and integration with adjacent local communities. In developing countries with weak enforcement of property rights, private plantations are more likely than state-owned plantations to involve villagers in plantation’s activities in order to secure and guarantee their access to land and labor resources. Certification standards of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and adherence to responsible investment guidelines further strengthen this likelihood by requiring plantations to consult and engage local communities. Using household data from Tanzania, we assess households’ experiences with their participation in plantation activities by comparing the experiences of households in villages adjacent to private, FSC-certified plantations with those of households in villages adjacent to a non-certified, state-owned plantation. Our quantitative analyses show that households in the villages adjacent to the private, certified plantations are more likely to report to participate in plantation activities. Our results show that the certified plantations are more likely to respond to community complaints and grievances. We further find that male-headed households and households of plantation employees are more likely than female-headed households and households without plantation employees to participate in plantations’ activities. Our results imply that forest management certification can complement state policy approaches of sustainable forest management to enhance community participation in forest management.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Locals Have a Say? Community Experiences of Participation in Governing Forest Plantations in Tanzania

Degnet

Werf

Ingram

et al. 2020

Forests

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“…This will not only create opportunities for tenure security, but also enable collective action for scaling-up conservation of forests and increasing tree cover in production landscapes. In this regard, a key challenge that must be addressed is land and tree tenure security (Rahman et al, 2017;Arvola et al, 2020), as this will empower communities to self-organize for implementing such long-term solutions. According to Wangel and Blomkvist (2013), communities in Sierra Leone even under the most difficult of circumstances, "are capable of self-governance and collective action to further their economic interests as well as sustaining the common pool resource."…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A framework for application of the landscape approach to forest conservation and restoration in Sierra Leone

Bakarr

Abu-Bakarr

2022

Front. For. Glob. Change

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Sierra Leone has made some progress in creating protected areas for wildlife and biodiversity conservation. Yet deforestation and habitat loss remain pervasive, driven largely by unregulated exploitation and poor land use practices. With over 50% of the country (∼36,000 km2) having climate that is favorable for tropical forest vegetation, there is considerable opportunity to advance the landscape approach for forest conservation. We propose a framework to address this need for the globally threatened Upper Guinea rainforest, which has its westernmost extent in Sierra Leone. The framework considers forest and tree cover in the following categories: old growth, disturbed old growth, secondary growth, and managed. We discuss how this typology can foster application of the landscape approach to forest conservation and restoration, including policy options to enhance protection of forests, increase tree cover in production systems, and incentivize innovative land use practices by local communities.

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“…Despite efforts to address this, it remains a significant barrier to smallholder participation in legal wood markets [72]. Without reforms, any policies for enabling smallholder participation in wood value chains will stall at this first hurdle, and private landowners are unlikely to plant or harvest and replant trees if financial returns from tree growing are lower than those from other land uses [107] or other drivers prevail. New approaches are needed that harness the capacity of local level institutions.…”

Section: Smarter Regulation and Managing Environmental Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lao Plantation Policy: Prospects for Change

Smith

Kanowski

Keenan

et al. 2021

Forests

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Policies to promote tree plantations in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic have been developed since independence to support national socio-economic and environmental goals, and in response to domestic and international markets. The effectiveness of these policies has been variable, and the resulting plantation wood value chains are poorly developed due to contradictory and confusing laws and regulations with inconsistent application and high transaction costs. Consequently, there has been limited tree plantation investment, and few investments have realized the anticipated benefits. Renewed interest in plantations from the government, investors and other sectors in Laos has prompted policy reviews and recognition of the need for new policy settings. We reviewed the development of plantation policies in Laos and assessed policy effectiveness and barriers to policy options. Through document analysis, interviews with key stakeholders and actors, stakeholder forums, and field research, we found that smarter regulation, and facilitating value-chain partnerships and knowledge sharing, can motivate smallholders and industry investors in plantations, and increase community-level benefits and financial returns to the Government and private sector. These results are discussed in the context of current international developments in plantation policy and the convergence in related policy processes in Laos.

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What drives smallholder tree growing? Enabling conditions in a changing policy environment

Cited by 31 publications

References 55 publications

Do Locals Have a Say? Community Experiences of Participation in Governing Forest Plantations in Tanzania

Do Locals Have a Say? Community Experiences of Participation in Governing Forest Plantations in Tanzania

A framework for application of the landscape approach to forest conservation and restoration in Sierra Leone

Lao Plantation Policy: Prospects for Change

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