What drives international tourism development in the Belt and Road Initiative?

Ji, Chen; Cui, Fengming; Baležentis, Tomas; Štreimikienė, Dalia; Jin, Huanhuan

doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100544

Cited by 29 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…They predicted even more intensive growth in China's importance to the world economy in the future. These predictions were confirmed by Yin and Choi (2021) who pointed out the role of BRI in intensification of China's services export and creation of new competitive advantages (for example tourism services (Chen et al, 2021) and knowledge-based services (Li et al, 2020)). However, one should not forget while researching economies with different systems, (e.g., EU vs China) that economic and political factors are often intertwined.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 78%

The position of China in trade in services within the European Union

Ambroziak

Stefaniak

2022

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Research background: In recent decades, services in international trade have been growing steadily in importance, and there has been strong growth in China?s trade in services as a result of the ?opening up? policy. China has become the European Union?s second biggest trading partner in services with the European Union (EU), being China?s largest trading partner. The EU is one of the addressees of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative, which creates opportunities and threads to the European Internal Market in services. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to contribute to the literature and fulfil the research gap on the position of China in intra-EU trade in services. Methods: We identified the most important types of services offered by China to purchasers from the EU countries. By using the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and trade balance (LFI) indices, we classified the Chinese exports to the EU Internal Market by types of services and by their trade position. Findings & value added: We found out that China might be perceived as a strong competitor for intra-EU trade in selected services, especially those concerning low-end service tasks, that use relatively low-skilled labour and are less knowledge- and capital-intensive. However, China?s attitude is changing towards more sophisticated services for example R&D. It creates a need for a new approach to the EU economic policies (in terms of both protectionism and interventionism) in trade relations in services with China.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 78%

The position of China in trade in services within the European Union

Ambroziak

Stefaniak

2022

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“…Fixed expenses in tourism business include rental payments, advertisement costs, salaries of own staff (those positions which have no immediate influence on the sales volumes, like accountants, planners, advertisement agents etc.). The share of fixed expenses in the prime cost of a final product even in small tourism business does not go above 15%, while the much larger share of spending falls on various payments for suppliers' services (Chen et al, 2021). Moreover, added value, generating the profit for a tourist company, is created exactly in the process of tour operator's interaction with suppliers of tourism services.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…And this constant process of change has today the most significant impact on the formation of international economic relations (Brida et al, 2014). Today's corporations cover about two thirds of the world trade (Chen et al, 2021). They are also the key Agriculture of the CIS Countries as an Essential Element of their Economic Development player in development and distribution of the most advanced technologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Forms of Tourism Gradual Transnationalization and the Perpetuum Mobile Behind it

et al. 2021

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Over the past 70 years, tourism has always been at the forefront of business transnationalization, as it has consistently used all the advantages of the transnational production and distribution system, thereby creating additional competitive advantages on a truly global scale. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolution of the international travel market, as well as to identify a number of historical stages of its development, which the market has passed on the way to establishing strong international relations and interaction. In this article, transnationalization is defined as a modern form of organizing tourism and hotel business. It was proposed directly by entrepreneurs as one of the possible solutions to classic market problems (including limited demand and factors of production). These market problems intensified in the second half of the last century, and all of them directly influenced the development of tourism. The study analyzed the driving forces of transnationalization of the tourism and hospitality sectors, taking into account the economic effect of the synergy of transnationalization. Expansion of tourist activities of the sectoral transnational corporations along with their gradual transformation into influential subject of the world economy. All of the considered in the article synergy effects from tourist business transnationalization have nearly simultaneous impact on the process of tourist services’ production.

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“…To date, China hosts 41 Global Geoparks, accounting for 25.5% of the global total and ranking first in the world. Since the proposal of the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013, countries along the Belt and Road have become the fastest-growing segment in terms of tourism revenue [ 18 ]; however, the environmental problems in the regions along the Belt and Road have attracted widespread attention. Most countries and regions along the Belt and Road are located in arid, semiarid, or semihumid areas with complex and fragile natural eco-environments that are fragile and sensitive and have weak self-recovery abilities [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling Coordination Degree between the Socioeconomic and Eco-Environmental Benefits of Koktokay Global Geopark in China

Zhu

Pang

Zhou

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The rapid economic growth of geoparks has put pressure on their ecological environments. Therefore, to ensure the sustainable development of geoparks, we must explore the coupling relationship between their socioeconomic benefits (SEBs) and eco-environmental benefits (EEBs). Based on coupling coordination theory and using statistical data from 2005 to 2018, in this study, we aimed to establish an indicator system for evaluating the coupling coordination degree (CCD) between the SEBs and EEBs of the Koktokay Global Geopark in China, which is both theoretically and practically relevant for research on the sustainable development of geoparks. As a result, we found the following: First, the comprehensive development level of the SEBs of the Koktokay Global Geopark showed a fluctuating upward trend during the study period. Second, the comprehensive development level of the EEBs of the geopark remained stable but fluctuated slightly: it declined from 2009 to 2012, affected by the deterioration of the eco-environment, and fell to its lowest point in 2012. By strengthening the protection of the eco-environment of geoparks, the EEBs gradually improved and became stable. Finally, we found that the CCD between the SEBs and EEBs of the Koktokay Global Geopark improved from mildly disordered to basically coordinated, indicating that the CCD is developing toward an increasingly higher level. The purpose of this study was to promote the reasonable development of geotourism while focusing on a sound eco-environment and to provide recommendations for the sustainable development of the Koktokay Global Geopark and a reference for the development of other similar geoparks.

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What drives international tourism development in the Belt and Road Initiative?

Cited by 29 publications

References 50 publications

The position of China in trade in services within the European Union

The position of China in trade in services within the European Union

Historical Forms of Tourism Gradual Transnationalization and the Perpetuum Mobile Behind it

Coupling Coordination Degree between the Socioeconomic and Eco-Environmental Benefits of Koktokay Global Geopark in China

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