“…Sethi ( 2016 ) found that management expenses and risks positively impact the tracking error of the ETF. Other factors that can impact the level of tracking error of an ETF include the differences in investment styles, market capitalization, number of securities and index volatility in the ETF portfolio (Aber et al, 2009 ; Rompotis, 2010 , 2011 , 2012 ; Bello, 2012 ; Buetow & Henderson, 2012 ; Charupat & Miu, 2013 ; Reddy, 2013 ; Bas & Sarioglu, 2015 ; Narend & Thenmozhi, 2016 ; Sethi, 2016 ; Singh & Kaur, 2016 ). In this study, we follow three most frequently adopted methodologies of estimating tracking error (Frino & Gallagher, 2001 ; Charupat & Miu, 2013 ; Narend and Thenmozhi, 2014 , 2016 ; Rompotis, 2010 , 2012 ) which are as follows.…”