Aims: The purpose of this study was to identify what patients with primary cancers found helpful in therapy. Method: Indepth qualitative interviews were conducted with eight patients who had completed a course of psychological therapy within an NHS psychology service for cancer patients. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: The participants identified a range of helpful processes in therapy: talking and expressing their feelings to someone outside of the family; forming a relationship with their therapist; normalisation through the therapists' expert knowledge; problem-solving and CBT. Limitations: As with all qualitative studies, the small sample and size and dependence on participant recall limits generalisability of the findings. Implications: The findings of this study are consistent with a pluralistic perspective: that multiple therapeutic processes -aligned to a range of different orientations -can be of value to patients with primary cancers. This supports the provision of a range of therapeutic interventions and strategies for this patient group.