What do we know about flamingo behaviors? A systematic review of the ethological research on the Phoenicopteridae (1978–2020)

Delfino, Henrique Cardoso; Carlos, Caio J.

doi:10.1007/s10211-021-00381-y

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…Taken together, our results show that alteration in visitor numbers experienced by Greater and Chilean Flamingos was associated with few behavioural changes in their activity and enclosure usage. Both flocks displayed activity budgets potentially analogous to their wild [36,37] and captive [14,38,39] counterparts, spending most of their time from 10:00 am to 16:30 pm resting, preening, or feeding [40] (although limited feeding activity in Chilean Flamingos is discussed later). Both flocks showed a preference to occupy specific zones of their enclosure that were both easily visible to visitors and close to public viewing areas; Greater Flamingos, zones 1 and 4, and Chilean Flamingos zone 5.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Effect of the COVID-19 Zoo Closure Period on Flamingo Behaviour and Enclosure Use at Two Institutions

Kidd

Ford

Rose

2022

Birds

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Visitors can influence the behaviour of zoo animals through their auditory and visual presence, with mixed findings of negative, neutral, and positive effects on welfare. This study opportunistically utilised the UK-wide COVID-19 period of zoo closure to investigate the activity and enclosure usage of Greater (Phoenicopterus roseus) and Chilean (P. chilensis) Flamingos housed at two zoos. Flamingo behaviour at both sites was observed during the last week of a three-month closure period and the immediate reopening of the zoos. Photographic data were collected at three timepoints during each observation day. Negative binomial GLMMs compared the behaviour observed during zoo closure to the behaviour observed during zoo reopening, whilst accounting for climatic variables and time of day. Spearman’s correlation identified relationships between behaviour with the number of visitors and weather. Greater Flamingos were not influenced by the reintroduction of visitors to the zoo setting. Chilean Flamingos showed an increase in inactivity and decrease in movement and feeding when the zoo reopened. These possible behavioural responses are better explained by the influence of temperature on the behaviour of Chilean Flamingos and by the correlation between temperature and visitor number, rather than a direct consequence of visitor presence. This research details the multifactorial nature of any potential anthropogenic effects on zoo animal behaviour and highlights the importance of considering environmental variables alongside the measurement of visitor presence or absence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Effect of the COVID-19 Zoo Closure Period on Flamingo Behaviour and Enclosure Use at Two Institutions

Kidd

Ford

Rose

2022

Birds

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“…By around 30 days, some chicks may start finding small amounts of food for themselves; however, they still have not developed the lamellae required to adequately filter food. As such, chicks are usually fed up to the point of fledging, and it is extremely rare that a chick will continue to be fed after they leave the crèche [ 24 , 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Change in the Association Choices of Two Species of Juvenile Flamingos

Loader,

Rose

2023

Animals

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Flamingos are colonial species commonly kept in zoos, well known for their bright plumage and elaborate courtship displays. This project aimed to determine the differences in flock position and association preferences of juvenile Greater Flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) and Caribbean Flamingos (P. ruber) housed in the same zoological collection. Little research has been conducted on the association preferences of juvenile flamingos, especially in captive flocks, and therefore this study collected data using photographs taken throughout 2014 and 2015 to further understand association patterns. Data were collected on the age category of each juvenile flamingo observed, the age of their nearest neighbour and their position within the flock, and the location within an enclosure zone at different times of the day. The results showed that Greater Flamingo juveniles mainly associated with individuals of their own age and were most likely positioned at the periphery of their flock significantly more of the time until approximately 24 months of age. Sub-adult Greater Flamingos spent significantly more time associating with adult flamingos at the centre of the flock. In contrast, data collected on Caribbean Flamingos indicated that juveniles did not segregate themselves from the adults as distinctively. Birds aged 13–24 months were observed significantly more at the centre of the flock and had more associations with adult flamingos, in a similar manner to that observed in Greater Flamingos. Due to population management needs, juvenile Caribbean Flamingos were removed from the flock at the start of 2015 and this may have influenced the association and location preferences of the remaining young flamingos. In conclusion, these results indicated that captive juvenile flamingos were often seen away from adult birds and that sub-adult flamingos returned to the heart of their natal flock to associate significantly more with other adult individuals, potentially preparing for mate selection and breeding. Captive enclosure should therefore be spacious enough to enable young flamingos to remove themselves from adult birds so that behavioural development can be unaffected by artificially high rates of aggression.

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“…Effective conservation measures are therefore urgently needed to ensure that this species is protected across its range and throughout the year; yet Andean Flamingos are one of the least studied of the planet's six flamingo species (Delfino and Carlos 2021a). To date, most research on Andean Flamingos has focused on foraging habits (Derlindati et al 2014), population size, and habitat use (Caziani and Derlindati 2000, Caziani et al 2001, Romano et al 2006, Caziani et al 2007.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly variable movements by Andean Flamingos ( Phoenicoparrus andinus ): implications for conservation and management

Jahn,

Cereghetti,

Hallworth

et al. 2023

ACE

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The Andean Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus andinus) is endemic to the central Andes Mountains, with the majority of the population distributed between Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. It is the rarest of the six flamingo species on the planet and is one of the least studied flamingos. Little information exists about its annual cycle, including which wetlands individual Andean Flamingos use at different times of year, posing an obstacle to developing effective conservation planning for its populations. In 2020 and 2022, we attached GPS-enabled satellite transmitters to four Andean Flamingos in northwestern Argentina, tracking their movements throughout the year to provide an initial assessment of their movement patterns, including timing, rate, and distances of movements between wetlands. We found highly variable movement patterns between individual flamingos. After the breeding season, which they spend at high elevations, some flamingos moved northwards to overwinter in the central Andes of Bolivia, whereas others moved south to overwinter near sea level in the lowlands of central Argentina. All tracked flamingos moved rapidly between wetlands, some of which were used by multiple flamingos. One flamingo visited sites in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile during one annual cycle, highlighting the need for international conservation cooperation. Given the growing threats to this species, including climate change and a recent, rapid increase in lithium mining, we call for further research on this and other flamingo species in the Andes. Déplacements très variés de Flamants des Andes (Phoenicoparrus andinus): répercussions pour la conservation et la gestionRÉSUMÉ. Le Flamant des Andes (Phoenicoparrus andinus) est une espèce endémique des Andes centrales, la majorité de la population étant répartie entre l'Argentine, la Bolivie et le Chili. Il s'agit de la plus rare des six espèces de flamants au monde et l'un des flamants les moins étudiés. Il existe peu d'informations sur son cycle annuel, notamment sur les zones humides fréquentées à différentes périodes de l'année, ce qui constitue un obstacle à l'élaboration d'un plan de conservation efficace pour ses populations. En 2020 et 2022, nous avons posé des émetteurs satellites GPS à quatre Flamants des Andes dans le nord-ouest de l'Argentine afin de suivre leurs déplacements tout au long de l'année et de fournir une première évaluation de leurs tendances de déplacement, dont la chronologie, le taux et les distances de déplacement entre les zones humides. Nous avons constaté des tendances de déplacement très variés d'un flamant à l'autre. Après la saison de nidification, qu'ils passent à haute altitude, certains flamants se sont déplacés vers le nord pour passer l'hiver dans les Andes centrales de Bolivie, tandis que d'autres se sont déplacés vers le sud pour passer l'hiver près du niveau de la mer dans les basses terres du centre de l'Argentine. Tous les flamants suivis se sont déplacés rapidement entre les zones humides, dont certaines étaient utilisées par plusieurs flamants. Un f...

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What do we know about flamingo behaviors? A systematic review of the ethological research on the Phoenicopteridae (1978–2020)

Cited by 12 publications

References 110 publications

Exploring the Effect of the COVID-19 Zoo Closure Period on Flamingo Behaviour and Enclosure Use at Two Institutions

Exploring the Effect of the COVID-19 Zoo Closure Period on Flamingo Behaviour and Enclosure Use at Two Institutions

Age-Related Change in the Association Choices of Two Species of Juvenile Flamingos

Highly variable movements by Andean Flamingos ( Phoenicoparrus andinus ): implications for conservation and management

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