What do memory data tell us about the role of contingency awareness in evaluative conditioning?

Gawronski, Bertram; Walther, Eva

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.01.002

Cited by 84 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…However, some researchers raised concerns that measures of valence memory might not always provide a valid indication of conscious awareness of CS-US pairings. Specifically, a correct response on a measure of valence memory might indicate actual knowledge of the CS-US pairing, but it might also reflect valencebased guessing (Bar-Anan, De Houwer, & Nosek, 2010;Gawronski & Walther, 2012;Hütter, Sweldens, Stahl, Unkelbach, & Klauer, in press). That is, participants may use their conditioned (dis)liking of the CS as a cue for guessing the valence of the US it had been paired with.…”

Section: Increased Methodological and Conceptual Sophisticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although this problem has been identified repeatedly in research on EC (Baeyens, Eelen, & Van den Bergh, 1990;Purkis & Lipp, 2001;Shanks & St. John, 1994), it is still common practice to investigate contingency awareness with measures of recollective memory at the end of the experiment. Recently, this problem has received more attention, because different theoretical accounts make different predictions about the role of contingency knowledge during acquisition versus measurement (Bar-Anan et al, 2010;Gast, De Houwer, & De Schryver, 2012, this issue;Gawronski & Walther, 2012). Although measures of recollective memory are well suited to assess participants" conscious knowledge at the time of measurement, they are not suited to address the old question of whether EC effects require conscious awareness of CS-US pairings during their presentation.…”

Section: Increased Methodological and Conceptual Sophisticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although measures of recollective memory are well suited to assess participants" conscious knowledge at the time of measurement, they are not suited to address the old question of whether EC effects require conscious awareness of CS-US pairings during their presentation. As outlined by Gawronski and Walther (2012), the latter question INTRODUCTION 16 requires alternative approaches in which awareness of CS-US pairings is manipulated experimentally. Ideally, such studies would also include online measures of conscious awareness during the presentation of CS-US pairings (e.g., Baeyens et al, 1990;Purkis & Lipp, 2001) to resolve the identified ambiguities of recollective memory measures.…”

Section: Increased Methodological and Conceptual Sophisticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the idea that one should make a distinction between processes that operate during acquisition (i.e., when CS-US pairings are presented) and processes that operate during measurement (i.e., when the effects of CS-US pairings are tested) is certainly not novel, it is only recently that the implications of this idea have received more attention (e.g., Gast et al, this issue;Gawronski & Walther, 2012). Whereas previous research applied this distinction only to the role of contingency awareness in EC, we believe that it can provide important insights also into the influence of other features of automaticity.…”

Section: Possible Future Trends: Automaticity During Acquisition and mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluative conditioning: Recent developments and future directions

Gast

Gawronski

Houwer

2012

Learning and Motivation

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Evaluative conditioning (EC) is generally considered to be one of the routes via which likes and dislikes are acquired. We identify recent trends in EC research and speculate about the topics that will dominate future research on EC. Many of the recent developments in EC research were shaped by functional definitions of EC that refer only to environmental conditions, but not to mental processes and representations. These functional definitions stimulated the development of and debates between theories about the mental processes that mediate EC. These trends, as well as greater methodological and conceptual sophistication, inspired meta-conditional studies that aim at determining the conditions under which EC is characterized by certain properties. The question of whether EC depends on contingency awareness remains a central topic, albeit with a stronger link to theorizing about underlying mental processes. Other automaticity features have gained enhanced interest, as can for example be seen in research investigating whether EC is goal-independent and whether EC is resource-independent. We argue that future research would benefit from a sharper distinction between processes that operate during acquisition (i.e., when CS-US pairs are presented) and processes that operate during measurement (i.e., when the effects of CS-US pairings are assessed). We conclude with a short summary of all articles in this Special Issue, relating them to the identified trends in EC research.

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Section: Increased Methodological and Conceptual Sophisticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Increased Methodological and Conceptual Sophisticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Increased Methodological and Conceptual Sophisticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Possible Future Trends: Automaticity During Acquisition and mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Evaluative conditioning: Recent developments and future directions

Gast

Gawronski

Houwer

2012

Learning and Motivation

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“…The manifold problems associated with measurement of awareness have prompted calls to rely more on operationalization of awareness via experimental manipulation (Gawronski and Walther 2012;Shanks 2016). Popular approaches to ensure information has been presented 'without awareness' include presenting critical information in a hidden format, for example by mixing target words in between filler items in scrambled sentence tasks or word search puzzles (e.g., Laran et al 2016;Tuk et al 2009) or by presenting information subliminally (e.g., Chartrand et al 2008;Dedonder et al, 2014;Fitzsimons et al 2008;Galli and Gorn 2011;Stahl et al 2016).…”

Section: Operationalization Via Experimental Manipulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Study Consciousness in Consumer Research, A Commentary on Williams and Poehlman

Sweldens

Tuk

Hütter

2017

Journal of Consumer Research

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Consumer research can benefit greatly from more insight in unconscious processes underlying behavior. Williams and Poehlman's effort at more clearly conceptualizing consciousness and call for more research provides a welcome stimulus in this regard. At the same time, providing evidence for unconscious causation is fraught with methodological difficulties. We outline why it is vital to uphold standards of evidence for claims regarding unconscious processes, as it is precisely a lack of rigor on this front which has generated a countermovement by researchers sceptical of dual process models in general and unconscious processes in particular. We contend that the sceptics have offered valid causes for concern, which we leverage to formulate six concrete recommendations for future research on consciousness. Researchers should (1) specify the process level at which they claim evidence for unconscious processes, (2) not confuse unconscious influences with unconscious processes, (3) carefully choose between different operational definitions of awareness, (4) maximally satisfy four criteria for awareness measures, and (5) complement measurement with experimental manipulations of awareness. Finally, we recommend to (6) refrain from hard claims about unconscious causation that transcend the limitations of the evidence, recognizing that consciousness is a continuous construct. Author NoteSteven Sweldens is associate professor of marketing at the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands (sweldens@rsm.nl) and distinguished research fellow at INSEAD. Mirjam A. Tuk is assistant professor of marketing at Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK (m.tuk@imperial.ac.uk) and visiting professor at the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University. Mandy Hütter is junior professor of social psychology at the Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Fachbereich Psychologie, Schleichstr. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany (mandy.huetter@uni-tuebingen.de). 2To better understand, aid and protect consumers, it is imperative to have an accurate understanding of unconscious drivers of behavior. We therefore welcome Williams and Poehlman's (2016) effort to stimulate and more clearly conceptualize the study of consciousness in consumer research. Past research on consciousness has struggled with two major stumbling blocks. First, it is difficult to provide an accurate definition of consciousness, not least because we do not really know how the experience of consciousness originates. As a consequence, there has been much variation in how conscious versus unconscious processing have been defined and operationalized in past research. We believe Williams and Poehlman (WP) have made important progress here by restricting the definition of consciousness to awareness, highlighting its functions and distinguishing it from other features of automaticity. Second, even when researchers agree on a definition (e.g., "awareness"),...

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Attitudes

Bengal

Gretton

Wegener

2018

Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience

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Attitudes are evaluations of objects in one's intrapsychic or social environment. These evaluations play a key role in perception, thinking, and behavior. As such, attitudes are directly relevant to virtually any realm in which human behavior plays a key role. In this chapter, we discuss the thriving research literature on attitudes and attitude change, linking current theories and questions to the history of related work that extends back to the early 1900s. In so doing, we also link current and previous research questions to the cognitive, metacognitive, affective, and neuroscientific questions that have contributed to the field's current understanding of attitude‐related phenomena.

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What do memory data tell us about the role of contingency awareness in evaluative conditioning?

Cited by 84 publications

References 62 publications

Evaluative conditioning: Recent developments and future directions

Evaluative conditioning: Recent developments and future directions

How to Study Consciousness in Consumer Research, A Commentary on Williams and Poehlman

Attitudes

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