What do divided cities have in common? An international comparison of income segregation

Abstract

This paper provides a comparative assessment of income segregation within cities in 12 countries. We use spatial entropy indexes based on small-scale gridded income data and consistent definition of city boundaries to ensure international comparability of our segregation measures. Results show considerable variation in the levels of income segregation across cities, even within countries, reflecting the diversity of cities within urban systems. Larger, more affluent, productive, and more unequal cities tend to be more segregated. Urban form, demographic, and economic factors explain additional variation in segregation levels through the influence of high-income households, who tend to be the most segregated. The positive association between productivity and segregation is mitigated in polycentric cities.

Characterizing Residential Segregation in Cities Using Intensity, Separation, and Scale Indicators

“…First, we observe that both intensity and separation levels associate with municipality size, income inequality, and migrant share. While this result is in line with past research (Gordon & Monastiriotis, 2006;Natale et al, 2018;Veneri et al, 2021), it also suggests that the association of segregation with city size, migrant share, and income inequality are three faces of the same phenomenon. These three variables are correlated in the Netherlands, and all of which are similarly and positively associated with segregation intensity (linear relation) and separation (concave relation).…”

“…The share of individuals with a non-Western migration background ranges from 1 to 38% of the municipality population, with a median of 5%. Finally, Dutch municipalities show relatively low income inequality compared to the rest of OECD countries (Veneri et al, 2021).…”

“…In order to adequately tackle residential segregation, these authorities need tools for characterizing it and for understanding its underlying determinants. A body of literature addresses these two needs, proposing indicators to quantify residential segregation patterns, and relating these patterns to city characteristics such as city size, social mix, or income inequality (Durlauf, 1996;Gordon & Monastiriotis, 2006;Krupka, 2007;Massey & Denton, 1988;Scarpa, 2015;Theil & Finizza, 1971;Veneri, Comandon, Àngel Garcia-López, & Daams, 2021).…”

The Perception of the Vertical Dimension (3D) through the Lens of Different Stakeholders in the Property Market of China

“…Therefore, 3D factors affect housing selections, even in the 2D aspect, when buyers are not self-aware. We also found that different age cohorts have different demands for 2D locational factors, a fact that is proven by existing literature [21,22,61]. Younger adults love entertainment facilities, while the middle-aged group emphasizes access to premium educational resources and sports facilities.…”