What Differentiates Dielectric Oxides and Solid Electrolytes on the Pathway toward More Efficient Energy Storage?

Abstract

Taking advantage of electrode thicknesses well beyond conventional dimensions allowed us to follow the surface plasmonic THz frequency phenomenon with vacuum wavelengths of 100 μm to 1 mm, only to scrutinize them within millimeters-thicknesses insulators. Here, we analyze an Al/insulator/Cu cell in which the metal electrodes-collectors were separated by a gap that was alternatively filled by SiO2, MgO, Li2O, Na3Zr2Si2PO12–NASICON, Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3–LAGP, and Li2.99Ba0.005ClO–Li+ glass. A comparison was drawn using experimental surface chemical potentials, cyclic voltammetry (I-V plots), impedance spectroscopy, and theoretical approaches such as structure optimization, simulation of the electronic band structures, and work functions. The analysis reveals an unexpected common emergency from the cell’s materials to align their surface chemical potential, even in operando when set to discharge under an external resistor of 1842 Ω.cminsulator. A very high capability of the metal electrodes to vary their surface chemical potentials and specific behavior among dielectric oxides and solid electrolytes was identified. Whereas LAGP and Li2O behaved as p-type semiconductors below 40 °C at OCV and while set to discharge with a resistor in agreement with the Li+ diffusion direction, NASICON behaved as a quasi n-type semiconductor at OCV, as MgO, and as a quasi p-type semiconductor while set to discharge. The capacity to behave as a p-type semiconductor may be related to the ionic conductivity of the mobile ion. The ferroelectric behavior of Li2.99Ba0.005ClO has shown surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves in the form of surface propagating solitons, as in complex phenomena, as well as electrodes’ surface chemical potentials inversion capabilities (i.e., χ (Al) − χ (Cu) > 0 to χ (Al) − χ (Cu) < 0 vs. Evacuum = 0 eV) and self-charge (ΔVcell ≥ +0.04 V under a 1842 Ω.cminsulator resistor). The multivalent 5.5 mm thick layer cell filled with Li2.99Ba0.005ClO was the only one to display a potential bulk difference of 1.1 V. The lessons learned in this work may pave the way to understanding and designing more efficient energy harvesting and storage devices.

Giant Polarization in Quasi‐Adiabatic Ferroelectric Na+ Electrolyte for Solid‐State Energy Harvesting and Storage

“…[ 14 ] In this group of electrolytes, those that add being ferroelectrics stand out because they present exciting properties, namely a high dielectric constant that coexists with a suitable alkali‐ion conductivity. [ 15 ] Herein, we show that Na 2.99 Ba 0.005 ClO glass‐electrolyte belongs to the family of relaxor‐ferroelectric oxides with low resistance (high ionic conductivity), self‐charge (negative resistance) [ 16 ] , and self‐cycling behavior. [ 8,17 ] The electrolyte's thermal behavior and thermodynamic, ionic, and electrical properties are multi‐coupling features, affecting different parameters related to the battery, such as safety, cycle life, and electrochemical reactions.…”

Cork: Enabler of sustainable and efficient coaxial structural batteries

“…The materials and cells were prepared as described in Supplementary Information SI Materials and Methods [ [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] ]. As shown hereafter, the cork's cell structure is prone to polarize in rod chains, as discussed previously.…”

“…3 (b and c), which may facilitate the polarization of the cork. The internal resistance at the interface Cu/cork does not seem significant, with a smooth variation of the surface chemical potential not indicative of quantum square potential barriers or wells observed in oxides and electrolytes [ 28 ].

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“…As shown in Refs. [ 3 , [28] , [29] ], the dielectric constant or relative real permittivity remains huge when the electrochemical system Cu/Na 2.99 Ba 0.005 ClO/Al is placed inside a CFRP shell. By performing cyclic voltammetry CV, the value of the calculated permittivity is demonstrated to be 3.1 × 10 8 at 40 °C, with = 1 mV s −1 .…”

“…Note : r a = 2 mm; r b = 5 mm; ℓ = 95 mm (SI, 1. Materials and Methods [ [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] ]). …”