What Definition Is Used to Describe Second Impact Syndrome in Sports? A Systematic and Critical Review

Stovitz, Steven D.; Weseman, Jonathan D.; Hooks, Matthew; Schmidt, Robert J.; Koffel, Jonathan; Patricios, Jon

doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000326

Cited by 26 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 88 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Another important feature of sports-related mTBI, the athletes who take part in such impact-prone sports activity often experience not only a single concussion, but also repeated concussion over time, both in recreational or professional sport setting. There is another potential life-threatening but rare condition – “second impact syndrome” – it occurs if an athlete who has not fully recovered from a recent concussion suffers another concussion, resulting in a greatly increase risk of severe disability or mortality [157] [158] [159].…”

Section: Utilities Of Tbi Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

An update on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for traumatic brain injury

Wang

Yang

Zhu

et al. 2018

Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics

377

320

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major worldwide neurological disorder of epidemic proportions. To date, there are still no FDA-approved therapies to treat any forms of TBI. Encouragingly, there are emerging data showing that biofluid-based TBI biomarker tests have the potential to diagnose the presence of TBI of different severities including concussion, and to predict outcome. Areas covered: The authors provide an update on the current knowledge of TBI biomarkers, including protein biomarkers for neuronal cell body injury (UCH-L1, NSE), astroglial injury (GFAP, S100B), neuronal cell death (αII-spectrin breakdown products), axonal injury (NF proteins), white matter injury (MBP), post-injury neurodegeneration (total Tau and phospho-Tau), post-injury autoimmune response (brain antigen-targeting autoantibodies), and other emerging non-protein biomarkers. The authors discuss biomarker evidence in TBI diagnosis, outcome prognosis and possible identification of post-TBI neurodegernative diseases (e.g. chronic traumatic encephalopathy and Alzheimer's disease), and as theranostic tools in pre-clinical and clinical settings. Expert commentary: A spectrum of biomarkers is now at or near the stage of formal clinical validation of their diagnostic and prognostic utilities in the management of TBI of varied severities including concussions. TBI biomarkers could serve as a theranostic tool in facilitating drug development and treatment monitoring.

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Section: Utilities Of Tbi Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

An update on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for traumatic brain injury

Wang

Yang

Zhu

et al. 2018

Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics

377

320

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The ‘Second Impact Syndrome’ is both rare and controversial. It is considered by some to be a potentially life-threatening complication of reinjury during the initial postinjury time period that is not fully understood and appears primarily limited to paediatric and adolescent athletes 99. (C)…”

Section: Risks Related To Concussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement on concussion in sport

et al. 2019

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Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a common injury in recreational and organised sport. Over the past 30 years, there has been significant progress in our scientific understanding of SRC, which in turn has driven the development of clinical guidelines for diagnosis, assessment and management of SRC. In addition to a growing need for knowledgeable healthcare professionals to provide evidence-based care for athletes with SRC, media attention and legislation have created awareness and, in some cases, fear about many issues and unknowns surrounding SRC. The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) formed a writing group to review the existing literature on SRC, update its previous position statement, and to address current evidence and knowledge gaps regarding SRC. The absence of definitive outcomes-based data is challenging and requires relying on the best available evidence integrated with clinical experience and patient values. This statement reviews the definition, pathophysiology and epidemiology of SRC, the diagnosis and management of both acute and persistent concussion symptoms, the short-term and long-term risks of SRC and repetitive head impact exposure, SRC prevention strategies, and potential future directions for SRC research. The AMSSM is committed to best clinical practices, evidence-based research and educational initiatives that positively impact the health and safety of athletes.

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“…Third, studies reveal a longer recovery period for youth athletes. [22][23][24] Lastly, youth athletes are one group with a higher risk of diffuse cerebral swelling because of a concussion 25,26 . Therefore, a more conservative approach to deciding when youth athletes can return to full sport is warranted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveying Argentine healthcare providers’ knowledge, attitude, and practice about diagnosis and management of sports-related concussions

Russo

Salvat

Kañevsky

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: A better understanding of the healthcare provider's knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) level would help athletes, trainers, and athletic administrators, implement more effective concussion-management recommendations and guidelines. This survey aims to understand healthcare provider's KAP dimensions regarding the diagnosis and management of sports-related concussions. Methods: Cross-sectional study. An online-based KAP survey was carried out on a convenience sample of healthcare providers, coaches, parents, and athletes (n=626) in partnership with sports concussion clinics, rugby union, and rugby league in Argentina. The questionnaire incorporated 25 questions. Descriptive analysis was estimated as means, SD, and proportion. Chi-square tests, two-sample t-tests, and regression analysis were utilized for the response analysis. Results: Seventy-four percent of the respondents reported having concussion training. Respondents correctly answered on average 6.23, SD 2.16 (out of 10) knowledge questions. The largest gaps were related to the clinical interpretation of symptom severity and neuroimaging. The smallest gaps were identified in young athletes' management. There was a significant difference in mean survey respondent's knowledge scores [F (1,622) =109.479, p<0.001] between those who had received formal concussion training and those who had not. Conclusions: This study reveals that healthcare providers have appropriate knowledge and attitude regarding sport-related concussions but there are important knowledge gaps and practices that are often wanting. Our findings confirm the need for training and education on sport-related concussions. It would be advisable to implement educational campaigns specifically focused on the diagnosis and management of sports concussions, to raise awareness about this topic in schools, leagues, and sports associations.

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What Definition Is Used to Describe Second Impact Syndrome in Sports? A Systematic and Critical Review

Cited by 26 publications

References 88 publications

An update on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for traumatic brain injury

An update on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for traumatic brain injury

American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement on concussion in sport

Surveying Argentine healthcare providers’ knowledge, attitude, and practice about diagnosis and management of sports-related concussions

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