What Caused the Epidemic of<i>Pneumocystis</i>Pneumonia in European Premature Infants in the Mid-20th Century?

Goldman, Armond S.; Goldman, Lynn R.; Goldman, Daniel A.

doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2157

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Pneumocystis jiroveci, recently reclassified as a fungus, was initially identified as being a rare cause of VOL. 21,2008 CAVITARY PULMONARY DISEASE 319 pneumonia in malnourished and premature infants in the 1950s (128). However, with the onset of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, P. jiroveci pneumonia incidence rose dramatically, and it continues to be one of the most common opportunistic illnesses in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons (259).…”

Section: Histoplasmosis the Dimorphic Fungusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cavitary Pulmonary Disease

2008

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SUMMARY A pulmonary cavity is a gas-filled area of the lung in the center of a nodule or area of consolidation and may be clinically observed by use of plain chest radiography or computed tomography. Cavities are present in a wide variety of infectious and noninfectious processes. This review discusses the differential diagnosis of pathological processes associated with lung cavities, focusing on infections associated with lung cavities. The goal is to provide the clinician and clinical microbiologist with an overview of the diseases most commonly associated with lung cavities, with attention to the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the host.

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Section: Histoplasmosis the Dimorphic Fungusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cavitary Pulmonary Disease

2008

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“…Proper nutrition is critical for homeostasis, and nutritional deficits are likely to have protean effects on physiology, including immune function. For example, Pneumocystis pneumonia, a disease that is often associated with AIDS and impaired immunity, was first described in association with malnourished infants, although some have postulated other causes (52,53). Malnourished infants are also more susceptible to life-threatening diarrheal diseases, and diarrheal diseases can promote malnutrition (54,55).…”

Section: Susceptibility Attributesmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is a Host? Attributes of Individual Susceptibility

Casadevall

Pirofski

2018

Infect Immun

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In every epidemic some individuals become sick and some may die, whereas others recover from illness and still others show no signs or symptoms of disease. These differences highlight a fundamental question of microbial pathogenesis: why are some individuals susceptible to infectious diseases while others who acquire the same microbe remain well? For most of human history, the answer assumed the hand of providence. With the advent of the germ theory of disease, the focus on disease causality became the microbe, but this did not explain how there can be different outcomes of infection in different individuals with the same microbe. Here we examine the attributes of susceptibility in the context of the "damage-response framework" of microbial pathogenesis. We identify 11 attributes that, although not independent, are sufficiently distinct to be considered separately: microbiome, inoculum, sex, temperature, environment, age, chance, history, immunity, nutrition, and genetics. We use the first letter of each to create the mnemonic MISTEACHING, underscoring the need for caution in accepting dogma and attributing disease causality to any single factor. For both populations and individuals, variations in the attributes that assemble into MISTEACHING can create an enormity of combinations that can in turn translate into different outcomes of host-microbe encounters. Combinatorial diversity among the 11 attributes makes identifying "signatures" of susceptibility possible. However, with their inevitable uncertainties and propensity to change, there may still be a low likelihood for prediction with regard to individual host-microbe interactions, although probabilistic prediction may be possible.

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“…60 Jahren war die Infektion mit P. jirovecii eigentlich nur den Pädiatern bekannt, die diesen Pilz bei abwehrgeschwächten, also frühgeborenen [8,21] bzw. unterernährten Kleinkindern mit atypischer, interstitieller Pneumonie gefunden haben [7,21].…”

Section: Einleitung ▼unclassified

Laborerhebung zur Häufigkeit von Pneumocystis jirovecii – Zwar ein besonderer Pilz, aber auch ein seltener Erreger?

Hof¹,

Oberdorfer²,

Mertes³

et al. 2012

Dtsch med Wochenschr

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Pneumocystsis jirovecii is a peculiar fungus for a variety of reasons. This opportunistic pathogen multiplies in humans only under certain conditions; a defect in the T-cell defense system creates a predisposition to this infection. In 2010 a data survey (IFT as well as PCR) from a few laboratories in Germany revealed 412 positive individuals. Even if only a few patients test positive for the colonization stage of this pathogen, the sheer number of individuals testing positive for other stages of infection indicate that the incidence of pneumocystosis in immunocompromised patients in Germany is underestimated.

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What Caused the Epidemic ofPneumocystisPneumonia in European Premature Infants in the Mid-20th Century?

Cited by 18 publications

References 104 publications

Cavitary Pulmonary Disease

Cavitary Pulmonary Disease

What Is a Host? Attributes of Individual Susceptibility

Laborerhebung zur Häufigkeit von Pneumocystis jirovecii – Zwar ein besonderer Pilz, aber auch ein seltener Erreger?

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