What Bathers Put into a Pool: A Critical Review of Body Fluids and a Body Fluid Analog

Impact of swimming pool water treatment system factors on the content of selected disinfection by-products

“…The turbidity, absorbance UV 254 , COD, and TOC are important and related parameters that indicate the concentration of organic substances, especially those compounds that contain aromatic rings (Nowacka and Włodarczyk-Makuła 2016 ). These compounds are known as the main precursors for the formation of DBPs, including THMs and chloramines (Kanan and Karanfil 2011 ; Bradford 2014 ).…”

“…It is well known that disinfection of pool water causes the formation of by-products as a result of chemical reactions between chlorine and nitrogen compounds that are part of the organic matter from swimmers. Indicators of pool water contamination with nitrogen compounds are in particular nitrates, as products of oxidation of ammonia—component of urine and sweat (De Laat et al 2011 ; Bradford 2014 ; Teo et al 2015 ).…”

“…6 Temperature impact on content of a THMs and b CC in pool water compounds that contain aromatic rings (Nowacka and Włodarczyk-Makuła 2016). These compounds are known as the main precursors for the formation of DBPs, including THMs and chloramines (Kanan and Karanfil 2011;Bradford 2014).…”

“…Swimming pools are environments with high levels of DBPs due to continuous disinfection and constant organic load from bathers (Carter et al 2019 ; Saleem et al 2019 ; Tsamba et al 2020 ). The presence and number of DBPs in swimming pools depends on many factors, including the method of water treatment, the type and concentration of used disinfectant, the content of natural organic matter, the physicochemical characteristics of treated waters, the contact time with bathers, attendance, and flow rates (Bradford 2014 ; Teo et al 2015 ; Cheema et al 2017 ; Tardif et al 2017 ; Ilyas et al 2018 ).…”

Environmental occurrence and risk assessment of haloacetic acids in swimming pool water and drinking water

“…The conductivity of SPWs ranged from 394 to 2188 ms cm À1 , much lower than the reported value of $5000 ms cm À1 in Singapore pools, 31 demonstrating the relatively lower popularity of swimming activities in the subtropical compared to tropical regions. The minimum conductivity of 394 ms cm À1 in SPWs was approximately equal to the average value of 397 ms cm À1 in DWs (Table 2), demonstrating that the salinity in SPWs was contributed both by source water and the swimmer inputs (i.e., urine and sweat as two main sources of contaminants released by swimmers during pool activities 32 ). The organic contaminants in SPWs (NOM, body uids and PCPs as main sources) were nearly doubled compared to those in DWs (mainly come from NOM), which were reected by TOC, DOC, and UV 254 .…”