“…Typically, these tasks examine brain changes in activation, in which it may be difficult to separate new representations from learned processes. Examples of tasks that examine activation in training-based learning include artificial grammars (Petersson, Folia, & Hagoort, 2012), perceptual category learning (Poldrack et al, 2001), and motor learning (Toni, Krams, Turner, & Passingham, 1998). Instruction-based learning tasks such as algebra (Anderson et al, 2012 have also resulted in activation changes.…”