What are the retromolar and bifid/trifid mandibular canals as seen on cone-beam computed tomography? Revisiting classic gross anatomy of the inferior alveolar nerve and correcting terminology

Iwanaga, Joe; Takeshita, Yohei; Hur, Mi‐Sun; Ibaragi, Soichiro; Tubbs, R. Shane

doi:10.1007/s00276-021-02862-y

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…These variations can be observed on cone-beam CT (CBCT) images but can be missed [ 18 , 19 ]. It is important to further examine the anatomy of the maxillary vein in order to standardize anatomical variants and provide archival information so that future encounters with such a variant can be better evaluated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case of a Previously Unreported Drainage of the Maxillary Vein

Wang¹,

Iwanaga²,

Cardona³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Due to the importance of venous drainage of the head and neck in various pathological conditions, knowledge of anatomical variations is important to the clinician. Here we report a case of an unusual drainage pattern of the maxillary vein. A tributary of the left maxillary vein was found in a female cadaver (72 years old at the time of death) to travel through the medial aspect of the ramus of the mandible via an accessory mandibular foramen, which drains into the ipsilateral facial vein slightly proximal to the point where the anterior branch of the retromandibular and facial veins merged to form the left common facial vein. The diameter of the variant vein at the junction with the maxillary vein and at the junction with the facial vein was 1.0 mm and 1.1 mm, respectively. We report a previously unreported variant of the maxillary vein bypassing the retromandibular vein and draining directly into the facial vein. Knowledge of such a variant might help explain various complications such as hemorrhage and might prevent iatrogenic injury of the blood vessels during surgery in this region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case of a Previously Unreported Drainage of the Maxillary Vein

Wang¹,

Iwanaga²,

Cardona³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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“…There are some classifications of the variations of the mandibular canal. 6 Carter and Keen classified the IAN through the mandibular canal into three types (Figure 5). 7 The most common is Type 1; a single main IAN.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulsatile hemorrhage posterior to the mandibular third molar due to abnormal branching of the inferior alveolar artery: A case report

Takaoka

Ishibashi‐Kanno

Namai

et al. 2023

Oral Science International

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BackgroundThe retromolar canal and foramen posterior to the mandibular third molar are rare anatomical variants through which branches of the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle may pass.Case PresentationPulsatile hemorrhage occurred when the removal of a mandibular third molar and a surrounding cystic lesion was attempted in a 56‐year‐old woman. On imaging, well‐developed inferior alveolar artery branch was observed in the retromolar canal, and the facial artery could not be identified on the same side.ConclusionClinicians must be aware of this anatomical variant to avoid complications.

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“…However, a more recent review on the gross anatomy of the bifid/trifid canals clarifies the definition of retromolar canal as a regular branch of the mandibular canal and recognizes as the bifid canal “an intramandibular canal running parallel to the mandibular canal with/without confluence to the main canal” [ 32 ]. This new revision and classification, published after our study performance, assumes that those canals defined as subtypes of bifid canals host additional branches of dental neurovascular bundle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Characteristics of Accessory Mandibular Canals: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study in a European Adult Population

et al. 2022

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The purpose of this observational study is to evaluate the prevalence and main characteristics of bifid canals within a European adult population, analyzing cone-beam-computed tomography (CBCT). The population study examined 300 subjects. The CBCTs were performed between 2012 and 2019, using PaX-Zenith3D with a standard protocol of acquisition. The parameters analyzed were the presence and lengths of the bifid mandibular canals. The sample included 49% male and 51% female participants. The mean age of the patients was 47.07 ± 17.7 years. Anatomical variants of the mandibular canal were identified in 28.8% of the sides and 50.3% of the patients. In 7.3% of the subjects, the anatomical variants were present bilaterally. The most frequently encountered bifid canal was Type 3 (40.5%), followed by the Type 1 canal (39.3%), the Type 2 canal (14.5%), and the Type 4 canal (5.9%), 40% on the right side and 60% on the left side. The average length of the bifid canals located on the right side of the mandible was 11.96 ± 5.57 mm, compared to 11.38 ± 4.89 mm for those measured on the left side. The bifid mandibular canal is a common anatomical variation of the mandibular canal. It is fundamental to performing an accurate preoperative evaluation using CBCT analysis to avoid and/or reduce intraoperative and postoperative complications.

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What are the retromolar and bifid/trifid mandibular canals as seen on cone-beam computed tomography? Revisiting classic gross anatomy of the inferior alveolar nerve and correcting terminology

Cited by 16 publications

References 35 publications

A Case of a Previously Unreported Drainage of the Maxillary Vein

A Case of a Previously Unreported Drainage of the Maxillary Vein

Pulsatile hemorrhage posterior to the mandibular third molar due to abnormal branching of the inferior alveolar artery: A case report

Prevalence and Characteristics of Accessory Mandibular Canals: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study in a European Adult Population

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