What are the Psychiatric Manifestations of Vitamin B12 Deficiency?

Hector, Melvin; Burton, John

doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1988.tb04397.x

Cited by 148 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…When patients with dementia syndromes are investi gated, serum Bi2 is routinely analyzed to identify vita min B12 deficiency, which is considered to be a poten tially treatable form of secondary dementia [32], al though its reversibility has been questioned [33].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin B12 Analogues, Homocysteine, Methylmalonic Acid, and Transcobalamins in the Study of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Primary Degenerative Dementia

Regland¹,

Abrahamsson

Gottfries³

et al. 1990

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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B₁₂ analogues, homocysteine, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and unsaturated transcobalamins, all potential markers of vitamin B₁₂ status, were analyzed in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 22 patients with primary degenerative dementia of Alzheimer type. The level of active vitamin B12 in serum correlated significantly with serum homocysteine, serum MMA, and CSF homocysteine. CSF B₁₂ correlated significantly with serum homocysteine and serum MMA. The ratio of analogues and active vitamin B₁₂ concentrations in serum (analogue/active B₁₂ ratio) correlated significantly with serum homocysteine, serum MMA and CSF B₁₂. This study had no control group. However, based on available reference values, high concentrations of homocysteine and MMA in serum and unsaturated transcobalamin II in plasma were interpreted as evidence of vitamin B₁₂ depletion or deficiency. Such high concentrations were found in a significant number of patients. In 9 patients, vitamin B₁₂ injections were administered. After treatment, serum homocysteine levels fell significantly. We conclude that vitamin B₁₂ analogues, homocysteine, MMA, and transcobalamins may be useful as markers in studies aimed at clarifying the role of vitamin B12 deficiency in dementia disorders.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin B12 Analogues, Homocysteine, Methylmalonic Acid, and Transcobalamins in the Study of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Primary Degenerative Dementia

Regland¹,

Abrahamsson

Gottfries³

et al. 1990

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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“…With vitamin deficiency, psychological symptoms such as depression and hysteria may appear [155]. Deficiency of vitamin B12 and folate are associated with psychiatric symptoms, including dementia and depression [156]. Iron deficiency, which is not uncommon in third world countries, has occasionally been associated with symptoms of depression, and if anemia is present, poor mood, lethargy, and difficulties sustaining attention [157].…”

Section: Hedonic and Mood-related Effects Of Sodium Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt craving: The psychobiology of pathogenic sodium intake

Morris

Johnson

2008

Physiology & Behavior

114

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Ionic sodium, obtained from dietary sources usually in the form of sodium chloride (NaCl, common table salt) is essential to physiological function, and in humans salt is generally regarded as highly palatable. This marriage of pleasant taste and physiological utility might appear fortunate -an appealing taste helps to ensure that such a vital substance is ingested. However, the powerful mechanisms governing sodium retention and sodium balance are unfortunately best adapted for an environment in which few humans still exist. Our physiological and behavioral means for maintaining body sodium and fluid homeostasis evolved in hot climates where sources of dietary sodium were scarce. For many reasons, contemporary diets are high in salt and daily sodium intakes are excessive. High sodium consumption can have pathological consequences. Although there are a number of obstacles to limiting salt ingestion, high sodium intake, like smoking, is a modifiable behavioral risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses the psychobiological mechanisms that promote and maintain excessive dietary sodium intake. Of particular importance are experiencedependent processes including the sensitization of the neural systems underlying sodium appetite and the effects of sodium balance on hedonic state and mood. Accumulating evidence suggests that plasticity within the central nervous system as a result of experience with high salt intake, sodium depletion, or a chronic unresolved sodium appetite fosters enduring changes in sodium related appetitive and consummatory behaviors.

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“…Numerous investigators have reported associations between deficiencies of folate or vitamin B 12 and psychiatric syndromes including depression and dementia [32][33][34][35][36][37][38] . Some workers have hypothesized that in the elderly cognitive impairment and organic psychosis are often associated with B 12 deficiency 36 , whereas depression is associated with folate deficiency 34,38 . However, it should be remembered that in a sample of geriatric patients only 3.7% were B 12 and 1.3% folate deficient 39 .…”

Section: Micro-nutrient Status and Moodmentioning

confidence: 99%