What are the key parameters to produce a high-grade bio-based composite? Application to flax/epoxy UD laminates produced by thermocompression

Cadu, Thomas; Berges, Michael; Sicot, Olivier; Person, Véronique; Piezel, Benoît; Schoors, Laëtitia van; Placet, Vincent; Corn, Stéphane; Léger, Romain; Divet, Loïc; Ienny, Patrick; Fontaine, Stéphane

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.04.059

Cited by 33 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The resulting average fibre volume fraction of approximately 61 ±2%. This volumetric composition was determined following the procedure described in [4,37]. A value of 1.47 g.cm -3 was considered for the fibre specific gravity, as recommended by Le Gall et al [38].…”

Section: Composite Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

About the fatigue endurance of unidirectional flax-epoxy composite laminates

Jeannin

Gabrion

Ramasso

et al. 2019

Composites Part B: Engineering

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Even if the knowledge on the fatigue behaviour of plant fibre composites has increased steadily in the last few years, some issues still remain open at the present time. Such is the case, for instance, of the high-cycle fatigue strength. Actually, most of the fatigue studies available in the open literature to date are limited to a maximum of 1-2 million cycles. All available stress-life plots exhibit linear trends with constant slope and does not reveal any fatigue limit for these given cycle numbers. So, this paper proposes to investigate the High-Cycle Fatigue behaviour of a flax-epoxy laminated composite. The effect of loading frequency is firstly evaluated on the Low-Cycle Fatigue behaviour using a multi-instrumented analysis including infrared thermography and acoustic emission. Results show that high frequency could be a suitable method to shorten the fatigue tests and study the High Cycle Fatigue behaviour of this type of composite material. Based on this result, high-frequency (30 Hz) is used to investigate the behaviour of the flax-epoxy composite on a range of 10 6-10 8 cycles. Results show that fatigue damage continues to evolve and the maximum stress continues to decrease as a function of increasing number of cycles, following a power-law trend. This result suggests that, if a fatigue limit does exist for unidirectional flax-epoxy composite laminates, it is so low that it cannot observed in tests up to 10 8 cycles. It is also recommended to take it into consideration when designing plant fibre composite structures.

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Section: Composite Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

About the fatigue endurance of unidirectional flax-epoxy composite laminates

Jeannin

Gabrion

Ramasso

et al. 2019

Composites Part B: Engineering

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“…Unidirectional flax/epoxy composites were manufactured by thermos-*compression. The manufacturing process is fully detailed in [24]. In short, a tape of purely unidirectional flax fibres supplied by LINEO© (FlaxTape TM 110) was used.…”

Section: Composite Materials and Specimen Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the unidirectional flax fiber-reinforced composites exhibited a non-linear behaviour, two Young's moduli were determined with a linear regression on the first part of the curve (below the inflexion point) and with a linear regression on the second part of the curve (above the inflexion point). More details can be found in a previous work on the same composites [24].…”

Section: Monotonic Tensile Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of hydrothermal ageing on the fatigue behaviour of a unidirectional flax-epoxy laminate

Jeannin

Berges

Gabrion

et al. 2019

Composites Part B: Engineering

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Although the research and development in plant fibre composites is growing rapidly, these materials still require specific considerations before being adopted by industry in structural applications. One of the main issue is related to their durability. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of hydrothermal ageing on the fatigue behaviour of an unidirectional flax-epoxy laminated composite by implementing the fatigue tests in a water bath. Results show that while the quasi-static strength and rigidity are significantly affected by the ageing, the fatigue strength is however improved. The fatigue strength coefficient is more than two times lower after ageing, indicating a lower decrease of the maximum stress with the increasing number of cycles. After ageing, the maximum stress level for an expected lifetime of 5.3 10 6 cycles is approximately 90 MPa, which is comparable to the one of unaged specimens. It is also pointed out that the remaining quasi-static tensile properties and behaviour of the aged specimen are not significantly affected after 1.3 10 6 cycles at a stress level of 90 MPa.

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“…Among these fibers, flax fibers have a low density, around 1.5 (Amiri et al, 2017;Baley, 2002) and associated with thermosets matrix, obtained composites can reach good mechanical properties. (Berges et al, 2016;Cadu et al, 2018;Poilâne et al, 2014). However, like many materials, they are subject to ageing and their properties can be altered when exposed to service conditions, such as moisture, temperature or ultra-violet rays (Azwa et al, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cyclic hygrothermal ageing of flax fibers’ bundles and unidirectional flax/epoxy composite. Are bio-based reinforced composites so sensitive?

Cadu

Schoors

Sicot

et al. 2019

Industrial Crops and Products

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The use of vegetal fibers to reinforce polymeric matrix composites is challenging and goes with questions of durability issues, especially when exposed to damp conditions. The aim of this study is to quantify, up to 1 year, the impact of humidification/drying cycles, i.e. 3.5 days at 90% HR and 3.5 days at 40% HR, both at 55°C, on the longitudinal mechanical properties of a unidirectional flax/epoxy composite. Then, by a multi-scale analysis, the objective is to identify the causes of mechanical properties evolutions. According to the results of this study, a cyclic hygrothermal ageing induces irreversible degradations of fibers (matrix-embedded or not) and interfaces within the composite. Indeed fiber/fiber and fiber/matrix debondings have been observed by morphological analyses and a loss of fibers hydrophilic components has been highlighted by chemical and microstructural characterizations. A plasticization of flax fibers has also been shown during this kind of ageing. All these modifications induce a drop of composite's moduli after the first cycles of exposure and a decrease of ultimate tensile stress and strain after long time exposure. But these mechanical properties evolutions are much lower than the values found in the

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What are the key parameters to produce a high-grade bio-based composite? Application to flax/epoxy UD laminates produced by thermocompression

Cited by 33 publications

References 44 publications

About the fatigue endurance of unidirectional flax-epoxy composite laminates

About the fatigue endurance of unidirectional flax-epoxy composite laminates

Influence of hydrothermal ageing on the fatigue behaviour of a unidirectional flax-epoxy laminate

Cyclic hygrothermal ageing of flax fibers’ bundles and unidirectional flax/epoxy composite. Are bio-based reinforced composites so sensitive?

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