What are the greenhouse gas observing system requirements for reducing fundamental biogeochemical process uncertainty? Amazon wetland CH<sub>4</sub> emissions as a case study

Abstract

Abstract. Understanding the processes controlling terrestrial carbon fluxes is one of the grand challenges of climate science. Carbon cycle process controls are readily studied at local scales, but integrating local knowledge across extremely heterogeneous biota, landforms and climate space has proven to be extraordinarily challenging. Consequently, top-down or integral flux constraints at process-relevant scales are essential to reducing process uncertainty. Future satellite-based estimates of greenhouse gas fluxes -such as CO 2 and CH 4 -could potentially provide the constraints needed to resolve biogeochemical process controls at the required scales. Our analysis is focused on Amazon wetland CH 4 emissions, which amount to a scientifically crucial and methodologically challenging case study. We quantitatively derive the observing system (OS) requirements for testing wetland CH 4 emission hypotheses at a process-relevant scale. To distinguish between hypothesized hydrological and carbon controls on Amazon wetland CH 4 production, a satellite mission will need to resolve monthly CH 4 fluxes at a ∼ 333 km resolution and with a ≤ 10 mg CH 4 m −2 day −1 flux precision. We simulate a range of low-earth orbit (LEO) and geostationary orbit (GEO) CH 4 OS configurations to evaluate the ability of these approaches to meet the CH 4 flux requirements. Conventional LEO and GEO missions resolve monthly ∼ 333 km Amazon wetland fluxes at a 17.0 and 2.7 mg CH 4 m −2 day −1 median uncertainty level. Improving LEO CH 4 measurement precision by √ 2 would only reduce the median CH 4 flux uncertainty to 11.9 mg CH 4 m −2 day −1 . A GEO mission with targeted observing capability could resolve fluxes at a 2.0-2.4 mg CH 4 m −2 day −1 median precision by increasing the observation density in high cloud-cover regions at the expense of other parts of the domain. We find that residual CH 4 concentration biases can potentially reduce the ∼ 5-fold flux CH 4 precision advantage of a GEO mission to a ∼ 2-fold advantage (relative to a LEO mission). For residual CH 4 bias correlation lengths of 100 km, the GEO can nonetheless meet the ≤ 10 mg CH 4 m −2 day −1 requirements for systematic biases ≤ 10 ppb. Our study demonstrates that processdriven greenhouse gas OS simulations can enhance conventional uncertainty reduction assessments by quantifying the OS characteristics required for testing biogeochemical process hypotheses.

Observing carbon cycle–climate feedbacks from space

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Space‐Based Observations for Understanding Changes in the Arctic‐Boreal Zone

“…Presently, remote sensing of wetland area and dynamics is contributing to large uncertainties in monitoring and modeling (Bloom et al, ; Poulter et al, ; Zhang et al, ), preventing a robust attribution to how wetlands are responding to climate change. Current observing systems for ABZ wetlands are confronted by several key challenges that ongoing and upcoming NASA LEO and airborne missions (e.g., SMAP, ABOVE and SWOT) and synthesis research activities (e.g., the Global Carbon Project CH 4 budget; Saunois et al, ) have the potential to reconcile.…”

Fluidized mining and in-situ transformation of deep underground coal resources: a novel approach to ensuring safe, environmentally friendly, low-carbon, and clean utilisation

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