“… 5 Chronic exposure to Cd( ii ), Cr( vi ), Ni( ii ), and Pb( ii ) in humans may cause kidney and bone damage, adverse respiratory effects, contact allergies, and neurotoxicity, respectively. 6 From 1972 to 2017, a discerning trend has emerged: a significant portion of the world's rivers and lakes have succumbed to contamination due to industrialization and urbanization, primarily attributed to the presence of 12 heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). 7 The HM concentrations in surface water exhibit pronounced disparities.…”