Whale optimization algorithm-based email spam feature selection method using rotation forest algorithm for classification

Abstract

Email has continued to be an integral part of our lives and as a means for successful communication on the internet. The problem of spam mails occupying a huge amount of space and bandwidth, and the weaknesses of spam filtering techniques which includes misclassification of genuine emails as spam (false positives) are a growing challenge to the internet world. This research work proposed the use of a metaheuristic optimization algorithm, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), for the selection of salient features in the email corpus and rotation forest algorithm for classifying emails as spam and non-spam. The entire datasets were used, and the evaluation of the rotation forest algorithm was done before and after feature selection with WOA. The results obtained showed that the rotation forest algorithm after feature selection with WOA was able to classify the emails into spam and non-spam with a performance accuracy of 99.9% and a low FP rate of 0.0019. This shows that the proposed method had produced a remarkable improvement as compared with some previous methods.

E-mail Spam Classification Using Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm and Neural Networks

“…The argument c mitigates the stable area directly to count iterations and is given as: Update the parameter c using Eq. ( 8); for each grasshopper in population Normalize the distances between grasshoppers in X d i to [1,4]; Update x ∈ X d i by using Eq. ( 7); Adjust the boundaries for the current grasshopper in population; end for Update T if there is a better solution; iter = iter + 1; end while Return the best solution of T;…”

“…For each grasshopper x d , GOA starts with generating a random set x d i and calculating the fitness function (FF) and the best grasshopper T d then is chosen with the best FF. After selecting the grasshopper from the previous step, three steps are performed through: 1) Normalizing the lengths amongst grasshoppers in X d i to [1,4]; 2). Modifying current grasshopper x i ∈ X d i by utilizing Eq.…”

“…Despite the popularity of social networking services to spread messages over the Internet, email remains at the forefront of social, academic, and business communications [1]. E-mail is a major means of disseminating information around the world at no cost via smartphones and computers, which have made e-mail messages more and more popular [2].…”

Study of fuzzy logic and particle swarm methods in map matching algorithm

“…It is used to solve both continuous and discrete optimization problems. In PSO, it maintains a number of potential solutions which are termed as the particles and the whole population of solutions called swarm optimization [45][46][47]. It was originated by British Military in 1940s.…”

E-Mail Spam Filtering Through Feature Selection Using Enriched Firefly Optimization Algorithm

“…Sending malicious link via spams that can damage our system and may also search your system. A spammer may collect the name of the individual who has a specific email address and include that name in the greeting of the message [3]. So, it is necessary to identify these spam mails which are frauds using ANN techniques.…”