Wettability, Saturation, and Viscosity From NMR Measurements

Abstract

This paper discusses a new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method that can provide wettability, saturation, and oil viscosity values in rocks partially saturated with oil and brine. The method takes advantage of two new technological advances in NMR well logging-the MRF* Magnetic Resonance Fluid Characterization Method and NMR "diffusion-editing" (DE) pulse sequences. We discuss the principles underlying the fluid characterization method and the pulse sequences. The fluid characterization method is used to provide robust inversions of DE data suites acquired on fully brine-saturated and partially saturated rock samples. The outputs of the inversion are separate diffusion-free brine and oil T 2 distributions for the fluids measured in the rocks.NMR measurements on partially saturated rocks are sensitive to wettability because of surface relaxation of the wetting-phase fluid. The surface relaxation rate, however, must be significant compared to the bulk relaxation rate in order for wettability to noticeably affect the NMR response. We present results showing that the surface relaxation rate at lower wetting-phase saturations is enhanced compared to that measured at higher saturations. The consequence of wetting-phase saturation on NMR-based wettability determination is discussed. Wettability affects the relaxation rates of both the wetting and nonwetting phases in partially saturated rocks. Surface relaxation of the wetting phase in a rock results in shorter relaxation times than would otherwise be observed for the bulk fluid. The nonwetting-phase fluid molecules do not come into contact with the pore surfaces, and therefore their relaxation rate in the rock is the same as in the bulk fluid.We present accurate and robust computations of diffusion-free T 2 relaxation time distributions for both the wetting and nonwetting phases in four rocks that include two sandstones and two dolomites. A DE data suite was acquired on each rock, measured in two different partial saturation states and also fully brinesaturated. Wettability is determined by comparing the oil and brine T 2 relaxation-time distributions measured in the partially saturated rocks with the bulk oil T 2 distribution and with the T 2 distribution of the fully brine-saturated sample. The brine and oil T 2 distributions are used to compute saturation and oil viscosity values.A general discussion elucidating the sensitivity range and T 2 limits of diffusion-based NMR methods is given in the appendix. The appendix also derives and displays the gain in signal-to-noise ratio that is achieved by using DE data sequences for fluid characterization in place of Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) data suites.

NMR relaxometry and diffusometry in characterizing structural, interfacial and colloidal properties of heavy oils and oil sands

“…The RHI and AI are used throughout the literature, rather than the hydrogen index (HI), given by , (11) A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T…”

“…It was the introduction of pulsed NMR logging tools in the early 1990s that allowed the routine in-situ evaluation of rock properties [4][5][6][7]. Since then, a number of reviews have appeared in the literature dealing with oilfield uses of NMR [8,9], such as in-situ fluid typing [10], viscosity estimation [11] and the determination of saturation and permeability [12] as well as visualisation of flow through unconsolidated porous media containing conventional oils [13].…”

A rapid measurement of : The DECPMG sequence

“…Although some promising methods have been proposed recently to relate NMR relaxation parameters and wettability [43][44][45][46], mixed wettability surfaces are still difficult to characterise [47]. The T 1 =T 2 ratio can be used to estimate the average surface residency time of liquid molecules in a pore.…”

Surfactant Based Enhanced Oil Recovery and Foam Mobility Control

“…Freedman, et al 20 , evaluated the wettability of Bentheim sandstone, Berea sandstone, and the dolomite formation of the present investigation. A crude oil from the North Sea was used for the evaluation.…”