Wet decontamination-induced stratum corneum hydration—effects on the skin barrier function to diethylmalonate

Loke, Weng‐Keong; Soo-Hway, U; Lau, Sok-Kiang; Lim, Jina; Tay, Guan-Sze; Koh, C.H.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199907/08)19:4<285::aid-jat580>3.0.co;2-x

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Detergents are also currently considered as skin permeation enhancers of other agents, including drugs, pollutants and toxic compounds [5,9,10,11]. The enhancing effect is probably due to a deleterious impact of detergents on the natural skin barrier which means skin delipidation, irritation and membrane fluidization [5,12,13] and/or increasing of skin hydration [5] which leads to higher permeation rates [4].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Skin Permeation of Detergents and Detergent-Based Decontamination Mixture

Mišík¹,

Pavlíková²,

Cabal³

et al. 2012

Mil. Med. Sci. Lett.

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SummaryThe purpose of this study was to assess the ability of selected detergents (althosan MB 50%, triton X) and one commercial decontamination mean (Argos™) to permeate the pig skin, which could indicate a potential toxic side effect of mass casualty decontaminants. A method of static diffusion cells and UV spectrometry was used to evaluate the skin permeation. All tested agents did not permeate the skin in detectable amounts as 5% water solutions. In concentrated form, triton X and Argos™ did not permeate the skin whereas althosan MB 50% shown specific permeation rate of 6.134 µg.cm -1 in 24 hours.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Skin Permeation of Detergents and Detergent-Based Decontamination Mixture

Mišík¹,

Pavlíková²,

Cabal³

et al. 2012

Mil. Med. Sci. Lett.

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“…However, there is also a risk that dermal absorption of diethyl malonate may be significantly increased during decontamination procedures. Loke, U, Lau, et al () suggested that the enhancement effect was attributed to either the spreading of the chemical over the skin during washing, or the transient skin hydration during washing, leading to a decrease in skin barrier properties. However, as diethyl malonate is metabolized into a relatively non‐hazardous compound (malonic acid) (Opdyke, ), the simulant itself has a relatively low dermal toxicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In vitro Qualitative determination of the effect of wet decontamination on skin hydration, and subsequent issues with decontamination of CWA simulant diethylmalonate. Loke et al, 1999 Simulation of soman decontamination using diethyl malonate and a showering method. Reifenrath, Mershon, Brinkley, et al, 1984 In silico Use of cheminformatics to determine suitable CWA simulant choice.…”

Section: Ribordy Et Al 2012mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical warfare agent simulants for human volunteer trials of emergency decontamination: A systematic review

James

Wyke

Marczylo

et al. 2017

J of Applied Toxicology

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Incidents involving the release of chemical agents can pose significant risks to public health. In such an event, emergency decontamination of affected casualties may need to be undertaken to reduce injury and possible loss of life. To ensure these methods are effective, human volunteer trials (HVTs) of decontamination protocols, using simulant contaminants, have been conducted. Simulants must be used to mimic the physicochemical properties of more harmful chemicals, while remaining non‐toxic at the dose applied. This review focuses on studies that employed chemical warfare agent simulants in decontamination contexts, to identify those simulants most suitable for use in HVTs of emergency decontamination. Twenty‐two simulants were identified, of which 17 were determined unsuitable for use in HVTs. The remaining simulants (n = 5) were further scrutinized for potential suitability according to toxicity, physicochemical properties and similarities to their equivalent toxic counterparts. Three suitable simulants, for use in HVTs were identified; methyl salicylate (simulant for sulphur mustard), diethyl malonate (simulant for soman) and malathion (simulant for VX or toxic industrial chemicals). All have been safely used in previous HVTs, and have a range of physicochemical properties that would allow useful inference to more toxic chemicals when employed in future studies of emergency decontamination systems.

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“…The lowest decontamination effectiveness was achieved against paraoxon (PR=1.6 to 2.6), followed by soman (PR=2.6 to 3.6). A more effective decontamination was achieved against VX (PR=10.0 to 64.8) which penetrated tissue slowly (15) (14,19,20). Although the chemical composition of the tested detergents was similar, the highest decontamination effectiveness against all of the tested OPs was consistently achieved with Argos TM , which was also the most effective in the decontamination of sulphur mustard (9).…”

Section: Decontamination Of Opmentioning

confidence: 99%

Percutaneous Toxicity and Decontamination of Soman, Vx, and Paraoxon in Rats Using Detergents

Mišík

Pavlíková

Kuča

2013

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Highly toxic organophosphorus compounds (OPs) were originally developed for warfare or as agricultural pesticides. Today, OPs represent a serious threat to military personnel and civilians. This study investigates the in vivo decontamination of male Wistar rats percutaneously exposed to paraoxon and two potent nerve agents -soman (GD) and VX. Four commercial detergents were tested as decontaminants -Neodekont Decontamination performed 2 min after exposure resulted in a higher survival rate in comparison with non-decontaminated controls. The decontamination effectiveness was expressed as protective ratio (PR, median lethal dose of agent in decontaminated animals divided by the median lethal dose of agent in untreated animals). The highest decontamination effectiveness was consistently achieved with Argos TM (PR=2.3 to 64.8), followed by Dermogel TM (PR=2.4 to 46.1). Neodekont TM and FloraFree TM provided the lowest decontamination effectiveness, equivalent to distilled water (PR=1.0 to 43.2).

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Wet decontamination-induced stratum corneum hydration—effects on the skin barrier function to diethylmalonate

Cited by 32 publications

References 7 publications

In Vitro Skin Permeation of Detergents and Detergent-Based Decontamination Mixture

In Vitro Skin Permeation of Detergents and Detergent-Based Decontamination Mixture

Chemical warfare agent simulants for human volunteer trials of emergency decontamination: A systematic review

Percutaneous Toxicity and Decontamination of Soman, Vx, and Paraoxon in Rats Using Detergents

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