Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Resistance to Insecticides in Coastal California Greenhouses

Immaraju, John A.; Paine, Timothy D.; Bethke, James A.; Robb, K. L.; Newman, Julie

doi:10.1093/jee/85.1.9

Cited by 278 publications

(203 citation statements)

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“…However, the pest status of western flower thrips began to expand rapidly in the late 1970's when growers in California began to experience more extensive damage to cut flower crops from thrips feeding and virus transmission (Robb, 1989). Because of the exceedingly low damage thresholds for these crops, growers responded to the threat with intensive insecticide treatments, leading to the rapid development of resistance to all major classes of insecticides available at the time, including pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates and abamectin (Immaraju et al, 1992). This insecticide-resistant strain(s) of western flower thrips that originated in California is thought to then have spread around the world in association with the globalization of the cut flower and horticulture industries (Bonarriva, 2003;Huang, 2004).…”

Section: Western Flower Thrips As An Invasive Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the first reported case of control failures with insecticides (toxaphene, an organochlorine, Race, 1961), there have been numerous incidences of resistance reported to all major classes of insecticides from all regions of the world (Bielza et al, 2007b;Brødsgaard, 1994;Daǧli & Tunç, 2007;Immaraju et al, 1992;Jensen, 2000a;Kay & Herron, 2010;Morishita, 2001;Robb et al, 1995;Weiss et al, 2009;Zhao et al, 1995). Resistance has not only developed against insecticides targeting western flower thrips, but also insecticides used to treat other pest species.…”

Section: Insecticide Use and Insecticide Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Management became so difficult, with a lack of alternative insecticides that growers returned to using legacy non-synthetic insecticides, such as nicotine sulfate. Despite these early reports regarding difficulties with pyrethroids, they have continued to be used against western flower thrips extensively, with the same outcome of resistance development (Broadbent & Pree, 1997;Espinosa et al, 2002b;Frantz & Mellinger, 2009;Immaraju et al, 1992;Seaton et al, 1997;Thalavaisundaram et al, 2008;Zhao et al, 1995). In these cases, the development of resistance to pyrethroids has tended to occur rapidly.…”

Section: Insecticide Use and Insecticide Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given these results, it is important also not to extrapolate from the effects of insecticides on one thrips species, even congeneric ones, to F. occidentalis. Despite indications of resistance to abamectin developing (Immaraju et al, 1992), it and related materials in the avermectin class have continued to receive interest as a means to manage western flower thrips in greenhouse and open field crops. Spiers et al (2006) recently found that abamectin was as effective as spinosad in reducing western flower thrips feeding damage to gerbera daisies (Gerbera jamesonii).…”

Section: Insecticide Use and Insecticide Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Management Strategies for Western Flower Thrips and the Role of Insecticides

Reitz¹,

Funderburk²

2012

Insecticides - Pest Engineering

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Section: Western Flower Thrips As An Invasive Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Insecticide Use and Insecticide Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Insecticide Use and Insecticide Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Insecticide Use and Insecticide Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Management Strategies for Western Flower Thrips and the Role of Insecticides

Reitz¹,

Funderburk²

2012

Insecticides - Pest Engineering

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“…cides for TPB or WFT control can disrupt biological control programs for other greenhouse pests, such as aphids. In addition, the development of pesticide resistance has been reported for both WFT (Immaraju et al, 1992) and TPB (Snodgrass, 1996a,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological control of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) by Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) vectored Beauveria bassiana in greenhouse sweet pepper

et al. 2006

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The ability of bumble bees to disseminate conidia of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin from hive-mounted dispensers to greenhouse sweet peppers for the control of tarnished plant bug (TPB) and western Xower thrips (WFT) was investigated in greenhouse trials using large screened enclosures. Samples collected from the enclosures (four treatments) on two sampling dates showed that 97, 90, 91, and 42% of the collected bees, Xowers, leaves, and TPB, respectively, showed detectable densities of B. bassiana on the Wrst sampling date. On the second sampling date, 99, 96, 87, and 30% of collected bees, Xowers, leaves, and TPB, respectively, showed detectable densities of the fungus. Mean mortalities of TPB collected from cages treated with B. bassiana were 34 and 45% compared to 9 and 15% in the controls on the Wrst and second sampling dates, respectively. Mean infection rates of WFT were 40 and 34% compared to 3% in the controls on the Wrst and second sampling dates, respectively. These results indicate that bumble bees are an eVective means of vectoring the fungal conidia to the crop. The pollinator vector technology is a novel example of integrating agro-ecosystem processes of pollination and pest management, that reduces the reliance on insecticides and increases crop yields and quality.

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Evidence for Resistance toBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) subsp.kurstakiHD-1,Btsubsp.aizawaiand Abamectin in Field Populations ofPlutella xylostellafrom Malaysia

et al. 1996

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BBSRC IACR Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 254, UK Abstract: The efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subsp. kurstaki HD-1 ('Dipel'@; Btk; CryIA & CryII) and Bt. subsp. aizawai('Florbac'@; Bta; CryIA & CryIC) was assessed against larvae from various field populations of Plutellu xylostella (F2 generation) collected in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia in April 1994 and a lowland population (SERD 2; F10 generation) collected in December 1993. Evidence of resistance to Btk and to a lesser extent Bta is reported in these populations (LC,, Toxicity Ratios [TR] = 3-14 and 2-8 respectively), most notably in SERD 2. The first recorded evidence of resistance to abamectin (TR = 17-195-fold) in field populations of P. xylostellu is also reported. In an unselected sub-population of SERD 2, the TR values for Btk, Bta and abamectin declined 2-to 3-fold ( P < 0.01) over six generations in the laboratory (F10-F16) while in sub-populations of SERD 2 selected with these products there was a significant ( P < 0.01) increase in the TR (15-, 3-and 2.5-fold respectively) when compared with the F10 generation. This suggests the presence of marked resistance to Btk and some resistance to Bta and abamectin. There is also evidence of slight cross-resistance to Btk in the Bta-selected sub-population but no evidence for the reverse selection of resistance or for cross-resistance between Btk and abamectin. Concurrent selection studies (Fll-Fl5) with another sub-population of SERD 2 demonstrated resistance to the acylurea insect growth regulator, teflubenzuron ('Nomolt'@) (29-fold increase in TR). Based on the selection experiments with SERD 2, estimates of realised heritability (h2) of resistance gave very high values for teflubenzuron and Btk (c.0.7) and moderate values for abamectin and Bta (c.0.3). The results are discussed in relation to integrated pest management (IPM) and insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies for P. xylostella.

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Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Resistance to Insecticides in Coastal California Greenhouses

Cited by 278 publications

References 0 publications

Management Strategies for Western Flower Thrips and the Role of Insecticides

Management Strategies for Western Flower Thrips and the Role of Insecticides

Biological control of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) by Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) vectored Beauveria bassiana in greenhouse sweet pepper

Evidence for Resistance toBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) subsp.kurstakiHD-1,Btsubsp.aizawaiand Abamectin in Field Populations ofPlutella xylostellafrom Malaysia

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