Western Botanical Gardens: History and Evolution

Rakow, Donald A.; Lee, Sharon A.

doi:10.1002/9781119107781.ch05

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…were founded in China mostly in the mid-20th century, later than in, for example, Europe (He, 2002;López-Pujol et al, 2006;Rakow & Lee, 2015). Despite the relatively short range of residence time, we found, like other studies (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Likely this can be attributed to the fact that China's economy opened relatively late to the rest of the world. Furthermore, botanical gardens, which have introduced many species into cultivation (van Kleunen et al., 2018), were founded in China mostly in the mid‐20th century, later than in, for example, Europe (He, 2002; López‐Pujol et al., 2006; Rakow & Lee, 2015). Despite the relatively short range of residence time, we found, like other studies (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Naturalization of introduced plants is driven by life‐form‐dependent cultivation biases

Dong,

Yang,

Kinlock

et al. 2023

Diversity and Distributions

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AimsMost naturalized plants are escapees from cultivation. Inventories of cultivated introduced species thus offer unique, still underutilized, opportunities to assess naturalization drivers of introduced plants. We used a comprehensive inventory of 13,718 introduced species cultivated in China's botanical gardens to test which species characteristics distinguish the 739 species that have naturalized.LocationsChina.MethodsWe used generalized linear models to test whether the naturalization of cultivated introduced plants in China is associated with functional traits, propagule pressure, environmental niche and introduction history. To test direct and indirect effects of those variables and their relative importance in driving naturalization, we used structural equation models.ResultsWe showed that species were more likely to naturalize when they originate from the Americas, are more widely cultivated, and have a longer residence time. Moreover, species were more likely to naturalize if they have a good environmental match, are short‐lived herbs, are predominantly propagated from seeds, and, in the case of herbs, are relatively tall compared to other herbs. Part of the latter effects are mediated by how these variables relate to propagule pressure proxies, and this varies among short‐lived herbs, long‐lived herbs and woody plants.Main ConclusionsNaturalization is partly driven by life‐form‐dependent cultivation biases.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naturalization of introduced plants is driven by life‐form‐dependent cultivation biases

Dong,

Yang,

Kinlock

et al. 2023

Diversity and Distributions

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show abstract

“…Public attitudes and expectations of the services that botanic gardens should offer, have changed and have in many cases affected policy. As Rakow & Lee (2015) note '… many are finding that the plants themselves are not enough to attract the size or diversity of audiences that they need to survive. More and more, gardens are embracing entertainment options to attract young professionals, families, and members of specific ethnic groups'.…”

Section: Social Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cultural heritage of Mediterranean botanic gardens

2019

Bocconea

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online. Mediterranean botanic gardens represent a rich and diverse cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible. They include spectacular landscapes and the plantings include many important introductions of both ornamental and economically important species. The gardens also contain many buildings of great architectural merit, some historic, some modern. Also important are the historic glasshouses and shade houses. Many of these gardens contain important herbarium collections that have served a key role in the preparation of Floras and major botanical libraries containing historical works of great value as well as works of art, sculptures paintings, drawings, and other illustrations and invaluable historic archives. The intangible cultural heritage of these gardens is represented by the impact that they have had the inhabitants of the cities and towns in which they are located and on generations of visitors-students, professionals and the public. With the decline of teaching and research in botany as a university discipline, some of these collections are at risk of dispersal or an even worse fate. In the face of these uncertainties a series of proposals to help safeguard this invaluable heritage is given, including the compilation of an inventory of these historically important buildings, libraries, works of art and archives and the use of the latest scanning and imaging techniques so that a visual record is prepared.

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“…The modern national botanic garden was originally established in Europe in the sixteenth century as a classroom for university students, particularly those studying medicine (Heywood, 2017). Since the eighteenth century, the national botanic garden has begun to use facilities (such as greenhouses) to cultivate plants in similar conditions to those in their natural habitats (Rakow and Lee, 2015). The application of facilities strengthens the ex situ cultivation capacity of the national botanic garden.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal development of national botanic gardens worldwide and their contributions to plant diversity conservation from 1593 to 2023

Li,

Zhao

2023

Front. For. Glob. Change

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The national botanic garden is not only a primary means of global ex situ conservation but also a key indicator of biodiversity conservation capacity in a country. To understand the contributions of national botanic gardens from around the world to plant diversity conservation, we generated a long time-series dataset to investigate the spatiotemporal development of national botanic gardens and then explored their functional expansion from 1593 to 2023. The results showed that the development of national botanic gardens was driven by the development demands of human society and could be divided into three stages, i.e., the initial exploration stage of early botanic gardens (1593–1765), the colonial development stage of modern botanic gardens (1765–1945), and the rapid development stage of modern botanic gardens (1945–2023). The first national botanic garden was established in Western Europe, followed by other national botanic gardens being established in the rest of the world. The functions of national botanic gardens evolved from the collection of medicinal and plant resources to multiple purposes, including scientific research, plant diversity conservation, education, and dissemination of knowledge. Contemporary national botanical gardens have played a crucial role in plant diversity conservation and scientific research on the response and adaptation of plant diversity to global change. Future development and management of national botanic gardens will play a crucial role in achieving future targets of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, which meets the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

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Western Botanical Gardens: History and Evolution

Cited by 8 publications

References 8 publications

Naturalization of introduced plants is driven by life‐form‐dependent cultivation biases

Naturalization of introduced plants is driven by life‐form‐dependent cultivation biases

The cultural heritage of Mediterranean botanic gardens

Spatiotemporal development of national botanic gardens worldwide and their contributions to plant diversity conservation from 1593 to 2023

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