West Nile Virus, Venezuela

Bosch, Irene; Herrera, Flor; Navarro, Juan-Carlos; Lentino, Miguel; Dupuis, Alan P.; Maffei, Joseph G.; Jones, Matthew; Fernández, Ernesto; Pérez, Nelson; Pérez‐Emán, Jorge L.; Guimarães, Anthony Érico; Barrera, Roberto; Valero, Nereida; Ruiz, Johanny; Velásquez, Glenda; Martinez, Juán; Comach, Guillermo; Komar, Nicholas; Spielman, Andrew; Kramer, Laura D.

doi:10.3201/eid1304.061383

Cited by 77 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The virus rapidly spread through North America and towards Latin America (Komar & Clark 2006). There have been recent reports of serological evidence of WNV activity in Colombia (Mattar et al 2005), Venezuela (Bosch et al 2007) and especially Argentina, where anti-WNV antibodies have been detected in birds (Diaz et al 2008) and the virus was isolated for the first time in South America from the brains of horses that had died of encephalitis . However, most South American countries, including the largest, Brazil, remain without reports of WNV infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutralising antibodies for West Nile virus in horses from Brazilian Pantanal

Pauvolid‐Corrêa

Morales

Levis

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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The Pantanal is a tropical, seasonal wetland of approximately 140,000 km 2 that is fed by tributaries of the upper Paraguay River in the centre of South America, which covers mainly Brazilian but also Paraguayan and Bolivian territories and is classified as one of the largest freshwater wetland ecosystems in the world (Alho 2005). The Brazilian Pantanal, which represents 85% of the total Pantanal area, is located within the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso in Central-West Brazil, which are recognised as South and North Pantanal, respectively (Alho et al. 1988). This region is ecologically classified into sub-regions according to vegetation, flooding and physiography (Silva & Abdon 1988). The Nhecolândia sub-region that is situated in South Pantanal is one of the largest, comprising approximately one fifth of the total area, and is characterised by hundreds of shallow lakes that display varying degrees of salinity and coalescence with the system during floods (Adámoli 1982).Recent studies have demonstrated that some crocodilian species may be infected by WNV (Steinman et al. 2003, Jacobson et al. 2005 and that Alligator mississippiensis may also have a viremic load that affords the infection of blood-feeding Culicidae vectors, which suggests that in areas with high population densities of these alligators, juvenile individuals could play an important role in WNV transmission (Klenk et al. 2004). Taking these data into account, the unsuccessful efforts to detect WNV circulation in the avian hosts in Brazil and the widespread, high prevalence of the Crocodilia species, Caiman crocodilus yacare, in the Brazilian Pantanal (Campos et al. 2005), our strategy was to investigate the WNV circulation in the potential vectors, dead-end hosts and natural secondary amplifying hosts through the collection and testing of mosquitoes and serum samples of horses and wild caimans from the Nhecolândia sub-region. No morbidity was observed during the sampling period and only apparently healthy horses and caimans were sampled in the present study. MATERiALS AND METHoDSStudy area -In February 2009, mosquitoes and blood samples from horses and wild caimans were collected in six different cattle ranches of the Nhecolândia sub-region (18º20' 19º40'S and 57º14' 55º00'W) during the rainy season. Considering the free circulation of mosquitoes, horses and wild caimans in large ranches, sample collections for the study were undertaken in a 700-square-kilometre (70,000 ha) area (Figure). The collections for this study were authorised by the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources (license IBAMA 18363-1/2009).Samples collections -Adult mosquitoes were captured at sites that were randomly selected using CDC automatic light traps and manual aspirators while landing to blood-feed on horses and research team members as routinely reported. Living mosquito specimens were transported to a field laboratory where they were immobilised by chilling and the species were identified through direct observation of the morphological ...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutralising antibodies for West Nile virus in horses from Brazilian Pantanal

Pauvolid‐Corrêa

Morales

Levis

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…The virus rapidly spread through North America and later to Latin America (Komar & Clark 2006). In South America, the first serological evidence of WNV activity was detected in horses in Colombia (Mattar et al 2005) and later in birds in Venezuela (Bosch et al 2007) and in Argentina (Diaz et al 2008). In Brazil, early efforts to detect WNV activity were unsuccessful (MS/SVS 2003, 2004.…”

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confidence: 99%

Serological detection of West Nile virus in horses and chicken from Pantanal, Brazil

Melandri

Guimarães

Komar

et al. 2012

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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In an effort to detect West Nile virus (WNV) in Brazil, we sampled serum from horses and chickens from the Pantanal region of the state of Mato Grosso and tested for flavivirus-reactive antibodies by blocking ELISA. The positive samples were further confirmed for serological evidence of WNV infection in three (8%) of the 38 horses and one (3.2%) of the 31 chickens using an 80% plaque-reduction neutralisation test (PRNT80). These results provide evidence of the circulation of WNV in chickens and horses in Pantanal

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“…These rates are significantly higher than the 4.0% (8 of 200 unvaccinated horses) observed in a previously unpublished study (referred to in Komar and Clark, 2006) in 2004 in Trinidad. It is also higher than the rate reported for horses in Venezuela (4.5%; Bosch et al 2007) and Cuba (9.0%; Pupo et al 2006), but lower than in Mexico (29.5-62.5%;Blitvich et al 2003b;Marlenee et al 2004;Alonso-Padilla et al 2009), Guatemala (42.3%;Morales-Betoulle et al 2006), and Guadeloupe (61.6%; Quirin et al 2004). Komar and associates (Komar et al 2003) suggested that the differences in seroprevalence among locations in South and Central America may be a consequence of the difference in the length of time the virus has been in circulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Serological Evidence of Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses in Livestock and Wildlife in Trinidad

Thompson

Auguste

Coombs

et al. 2012

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Seroprevalence rates of selected arboviruses in animal populations in Trinidad were determined using serum samples collected between 2006 and 2009 from horses (n = 506), cattle (n = 163), sheep (n = 198), goats (n = 82), pigs (n = 184), birds (n = 140), rodents (n = 116), and other vertebrates (n = 23). The sera were screened for antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), Ilheus virus (ILHV), Bussuquara virus (BSQV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), and western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), using hemagglutination inhibition assay (HIA) and epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Antibodies to SLEV were detected in a total of 49 (9.7%) horses, 8 (4.9%) cattle, 1 (1.2%) goat, 2 (1.4%) wild birds, and 3 (2.2%) wild rodents by both methods. In contrast, antibodies to EEEV, VEEV, and WNV were detected only in horses, at rates of 4.3%, 0.8%, and 17.2%, respectively, by ELISA, and IgM capture ELISA was WNV-positive in 3 (0.6%) of these sera. Among locally bred unvaccinated horses that had never left Trinidad, seroprevalence rates against WNV were 12.1% and 17.2% by ELISA and HIA, respectively. The presence of WNV-and SLEV-specific antibodies in a representative sample of horse sera that were both ELISA-and HIA-seropositive was confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT). Antibodies to ILHV and BSQV were not detected in any of the serum samples tested (i.e., sera from horses, other livestock, and wild birds in the case of ILHV, and wild mammals in the case of BSQV). The data indicate the presence of WNV in Trinidad, and continuing low-level circulation of SLEV, EEEV, and VEEV.

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West Nile Virus, Venezuela

Cited by 77 publications

References 11 publications

Neutralising antibodies for West Nile virus in horses from Brazilian Pantanal

Neutralising antibodies for West Nile virus in horses from Brazilian Pantanal

Serological detection of West Nile virus in horses and chicken from Pantanal, Brazil

Serological Evidence of Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses in Livestock and Wildlife in Trinidad

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