West Nile virus lineage 2 in Romania, 2015–2016: co-circulation and strain replacement

Cotar, Ani Ioana; Fălcuță, Elena; Dinu, Sorin; Necula, Adriana; Bîrluțiu, Victoria; Ceianu, Cornelia Svetlana; Prioteasa, Florian Liviu

doi:10.1186/s13071-018-3145-5

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Lineage 2 viruses have been isolated in Africa, Madagascar, the Middle East and Europe [23][24][25][26]. Initially, lineage 1 viruses were considered to be more virulent than lineage 2 viruses; however, it has been shown that both lineages can cause neuroinvasive disease in humans and animals and lineage 2 has now displaced lineage 1 as the primary cause of WNV disease in Europe [23,[27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: The Virus and Its Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Pathology of West Nile Virus in Humans and Non-Human Animals

Byas

Ebel

2020

Pathogens

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West Nile virus (WNV) continues to be a major cause of human arboviral neuroinvasive disease. Susceptible non-human vertebrates are particularly diverse, ranging from commonly affected birds and horses to less commonly affected species such as alligators. This review summarizes the pathology caused by West Nile virus during natural infections of humans and non-human animals. While the most well-known findings in human infection involve the central nervous system, WNV can also cause significant lesions in the heart, kidneys and eyes. Time has also revealed chronic neurologic sequelae related to prior human WNV infection. Similarly, neurologic disease is a prominent manifestation of WNV infection in most non-human non-host animals. However, in some avian species, which serve as the vertebrate host for WNV maintenance in nature, severe systemic disease can occur, with neurologic, cardiac, intestinal and renal injury leading to death. The pathology seen in experimental animal models of West Nile virus infection and knowledge gains on viral pathogenesis derived from these animal models are also briefly discussed. A gap in the current literature exists regarding the relationship between the neurotropic nature of WNV in vertebrates, virus propagation and transmission in nature. This and other knowledge gaps, and future directions for research into WNV pathology, are addressed.

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Section: The Virus and Its Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Pathology of West Nile Virus in Humans and Non-Human Animals

Byas

Ebel

2020

Pathogens

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“…The next significant outbreak was in 2010 with 50 confirmed cases and a fatality rate of 10% [14]. Viral circulation and human infections were recorded also in the following years [15], with a third significant outbreak in 2016, with 93 neuroinvasive cases [16]. One of the most significant outbreaks in Europe (2083 confirmed cases), including Romania (277 cases and 43 deaths), was recorded in 2018 [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human West Nile Meningo-Encephalitis in a Highly Endemic Country: A Complex Epidemiological Analysis on Biotic and Abiotic Risk Factors

Coroian

Petrić

Pistol

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most prevalent mosquito-borne viruses. Although the infection in humans is mostly asymptomatic, 15–20% of cases show flu-like symptoms with fever. In 1% of infections, humans develop severe nervous symptoms and even die, a condition known as West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND). The aim of our study was to analyze the influence of abiotic and biotic factors with the human WNND cases during the period 2015–2019. A database containing all the localities in Romania was developed. Abiotic and biotic predictors were included for each locality: geographic variables, climatic data, and biotic factors. Spatial distribution of the WNND infections was analyzed using directional distribution (DD). The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was employed to assess the strength of association between the WNND infections and predictors. A model was generated using the random forest ensemble learning method. A total number of 535 human WNND cases were confirmed in 308 localities. The DD showed a south-eastern geographical distribution. Weak correlation was observed between the number of human WNND cases for each year and the predictors. The highest predicted probability was around urbanized patches in the south and southeast. Increased surveillance and control measures of vectors in risk areas should be implemented and educational campaigns should be made available for the general public in order to raise awareness of the disease and inform the population about prophylactic measures.

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“…A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree using the selected TN93 + G model was constructed and it showed that the WNV-2 strain amplified in this study clustered into the Central/Southern European WNV lineage 2 clade, which was detected in Romania for the first time in 2015 (Figure 1). In 2016, early amplification of the emerged WNV, and complete replacement in mosquito populations of the previously endemized virus in Southeastern Romania occurred and these events were associated with a human outbreak of severe WNV disease [13]. The result obtained in this work reflect that this strain is still circulating now in this country.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…This strain belonged to the Eastern European clade, which had been detected in humans and mosquitoes in the following years [12]. Since then, the virus has not stopped spreading in Romania and in 2016, a third significant WNND outbreak in humans with 93 neurological cases was reported, due to a new WNV strain belonging to the Central/Southern European clade [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imported Human West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Infection in Spain: Neurological and Gastrointestinal Complications

Velasco

Sánchez-Seco

Campelo

et al. 2020

Viruses

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We report the first human case of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 infection imported to Spain by a traveler returning from Romania. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid and urine samples were analyzed and West Nile virus infection was identified by PCR and serological tests. The patient developed fever, diarrhea and neurological symptoms, accompanied by mild pancreatitis, described previously in very few cases as a complication of WNV infection and by alithiasic cholecystitis. Viral RNA was detected in urine until 30 days after the onset of symptoms and neutralizing antibodies were detected at very low titers. The phylogenetic analysis in a fragment of the NS5 gene of the virus showed a homology with sequences from WNV lineage 2 belonging to the monophyletic Central/Southern European group.

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West Nile virus lineage 2 in Romania, 2015–2016: co-circulation and strain replacement

Cited by 21 publications

References 17 publications

Comparative Pathology of West Nile Virus in Humans and Non-Human Animals

Comparative Pathology of West Nile Virus in Humans and Non-Human Animals

Human West Nile Meningo-Encephalitis in a Highly Endemic Country: A Complex Epidemiological Analysis on Biotic and Abiotic Risk Factors

Imported Human West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Infection in Spain: Neurological and Gastrointestinal Complications

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