West Nile virus in horses during the summer and autumn seasons of 2015 and 2016, Portugal

Barros, Sílvia C.; Ramos, Fernanda; Fagulha, Teresa; Duarte, Margarida; Henriques, A.; Waap, Helga; Luís, Tiago; Costa, Teresa; Amador, Rita; Quintans, Sofia; Fevereiro, Miguel

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.008

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Differential diagnosis excluded EHV-1, rabies, and USUV. Typical neurological signs of the disease found in the infected mare were compatible with already documented reports of WNV outbreaks among horses in Canada, Portugal, Spain, Greece, and many other countries [5][6][7][8]. Detection of WNV IgM antibodies by capture ELISA in both sera samples of the diseased mare strongly indicated an acute course of infection, which is in accordance to literature data that IgM antibodies appear between the 7 th and 10 th day post-infection [3].…”

Section: D) Molecular Detection Of Wnv Rnasupporting

confidence: 87%

“…A VN titer higher or equal to 1:10 was considered positive. For VNT, VERO cells (ATCC CCL-81) and WNVisolate SRB-Novi Sad/12 (NCBI GenBank No: KC407673) were used, following the prescribed procedure by OIE Manual [6]. Furthermore, blood samples from 7 other healthy horses were also tested on the presence of anti-WNV IgM antibodies with the aforementioned commercial ELISA.…”

Section: C) Serological Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence of the first clinical case of equine neuroinvasive West Nile disease in Serbia, 2018

et al. 2019

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During July 2018, the first clinical case of neurological West Nile virus (WNV) infection was reported in a Belgian sports mare in Belgrade, Serbia. Typical symptoms, such as hypersensitive skin reaction, disorientation, weakness, ataxia and the loss of equilibrium were reported. Detection of WNV IgM antibodies by commercial ELISA in the serum samples of the diseased mare strongly indicated acute infection. The ELISA positive results were confirmed by VNT. Hematological and biochemical parameters were in the reference range. The only finding was a minor lymphopenia. WNV RNA was not detected by RT-qPCR in the blood sample extracted seven days after the disease had broken out. The horse improved clinically in two weeks while other horses at the same premises remained asymptomatic. The clinical, serological, biochemical and molecular analyses applied confirmed the first clinical case of neuroinvasive WNV infection in horses in Serbia. The West Nile virus has been circulating in Serbia in the last decade in mosquitoes, birds, and horses, but no evidence of equine WNV clinical cases were registered so far.

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Section: D) Molecular Detection Of Wnv Rnasupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: C) Serological Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of the first clinical case of equine neuroinvasive West Nile disease in Serbia, 2018

et al. 2019

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“…The network map of the surveillance system ( Figure 4 ) is made up of 36 vertices and 88 edges, having a diameter of six ( 6 ), which is the minimum path length that can connect any pair of nodes in the network. The network reciprocity is 52%, meaning that among our pairs of nodes, half of them have a one-way exchange of information.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, WNV can infect several mammalian, avian, and reptile species considered as "dead-end hosts." WNV (3,4) is the etiological agent for West Nile Fever in humans, equines, and several bird species, where different disease outcomes of the disease are found, ranging from asymptomatic (in the majority of cases) and mild flu-like illness to severe neurological disease and death (5)(6)(7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shifting From Sectoral to Integrated Surveillance by Changing Collaborative Practices: Application to West Nile Virus Surveillance in a Small Island State of the Caribbean

Geffroy

Pagès

Chavernac

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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After spreading in the Americas, West Nile virus was detected in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) for the first time in 2002. Ever since, several organizations have conducted research, serological surveys, and surveillance activities to detect the virus in horses, birds, mosquitoes, and humans. Organizations often carried them out independently, leading to knowledge gaps within the current virus' situation. Nearly 20 years after the first evidence of West Nile virus in the archipelago, it has not yet been isolated, its impact on human and animal populations is unknown, and its local epidemiological cycle is still poorly understood. Within the framework of a pilot project started in Guadeloupe in 2019, West Nile virus was chosen as a federative model to apply the “One Health” approach for zoonotic epidemiological surveillance and shift from a sectorial to an integrated surveillance system. Human, animal, and environmental health actors involved in both research and surveillance were considered. Semi-directed interviews and a Social Network Analysis were carried out to learn about the surveillance network structure and actors, analyze information flows, and identify communication challenges. An information system was developed to fill major gaps: users' needs and main functionalities were defined through a participatory process where actors also tested and validated the tool. Additionally, all actors shared their data, which were digitized, cataloged, and centralized, to be analyzed later. An R Shiny server was integrated into the information system, allowing an accessible and dynamic display of data showcasing all of the partners' information. Finally, a series of virtual workshops were organized among actors to discuss preliminary results and plan the next steps to improve West Nile Virus and vector-borne or emerging zoonosis surveillance. The actors are willing to build a more resilient and cooperative network in Guadeloupe with improved relevance, efficiency, and effectiveness of their work.

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“…In 2010, another WNV human case was identified (81). Following a 5-year period of apparent absence, WNV re-emerged in southern Portugal in 2015 when WNND was diagnosed in a man from the Algarve region (82). There are no data on USUV infections in Portugal.…”

Section: Portugalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of West Nile and Usutu Virus Infections in Southern Europe

et al. 2019

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The epidemiology of West Nile (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) has changed dramatically over the past two decades. Since 1999, there have been regular reports of WNV outbreaks and the virus has expanded its area of circulation in many Southern European countries. After emerging in Italy in 1996, USUV has spread to other countries causing mortality in several bird species. In 2009, USUV seroconversion in horses was reported in Italy. Co-circulation of both viruses was detected in humans, horses and birds. The main vector of WNV and USUV in Europe is Culex pipiens, however, both viruses were found in native Culex mosquito species (Cx. modestus, Cx. perexiguus). Experimental competence to transmit the WNV was also proven for native and invasive mosquitoes of Aedes and Culex genera (Ae. albopictus, Ae. detritus, Cx. torrentium). Recently, Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus naturally-infected with USUV were reported. While neuroinvasive human WNV infections are well-documented, USUV infections are sporadically detected. However, there is increasing evidence of a role of USUV in human disease. Seroepidemiological studies showed that USUV circulation is more common than WNV in some endemic regions. Recent data showed that WNV strains detected in humans, horses, birds, and mosquitoes mainly belong to lineage 2. In addition to European USUV lineages, some reports indicate the presence of African USUV lineages as well. The trends in WNV/USUV range and vector expansion are likely to continue in future years. This mini-review provides an update on the epidemiology of WNV and USUV infections in Southern Europe within a multidisciplinary “One Health” context.

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West Nile virus in horses during the summer and autumn seasons of 2015 and 2016, Portugal

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Evidence of the first clinical case of equine neuroinvasive West Nile disease in Serbia, 2018

Evidence of the first clinical case of equine neuroinvasive West Nile disease in Serbia, 2018

Shifting From Sectoral to Integrated Surveillance by Changing Collaborative Practices: Application to West Nile Virus Surveillance in a Small Island State of the Caribbean

Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of West Nile and Usutu Virus Infections in Southern Europe

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