West Nile virus epizootic in Germany, 2018

Ziegler, Ute; Lühken, Renke; Keller, Markus; Cadar, Dániel; Grinten, E van der; Michel, Friederike; Albrecht, Kerstin; Eiden, Martin; Rinder, Monika; Lachmann, Lars; Höper, Dirk W.; Vina-Rodrı́guez, Ariel; Gaede, Wolfgang; Pohl, Andres; Schmidt‐Chanasit, Jonas; Groschup, Martin H.

doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.12.005

Cited by 124 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…One year after the first observed autochthonous WNV transmission to birds and horses in Germany [9,13], an epizootic emergence of WNV was again observed in 2019. The number of infected birds and horses was considerably higher (76 birds and 36 horses) compared to 2018 (12 birds and two horses).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, EIP values give an approximation of virus transmission risk through the mosquito vector under local temperature conditions. Therefore, daily EIP values (EIP d ) of WNV were calculated with the formula −0.132 + 0.0092 × temperature [13,20]. The day-to-day mean E-OBS temperature dataset v20.0e (July 2018 to August 2019) was downloaded from http://www.ecad.eu [21].…”

Section: Risk Of Wnv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, over the last decade, different monitoring programs were implemented in Germany to screen for WNV RNA and antibodies in birds, horses, mosquitoes and chicken eggs [8][9][10][11][12]. In 2018, an epizootic emergence of WNV was observed in Germany for the first time [13]. All WNV-positive birds and horses were infected with the same WNV lineage 2 strain of the central European subclade II.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, a large WNV outbreak was observed in south-eastern and southern Europe [7]. However, phylogenetic analysis in combination with the wide distribution in Germany indicates that WNV may have been introduced from the Czech Republic to Germany already before 2018 [13]. The emergence of WNV in Germany and the focus in the central part of eastern Germany was correlated with outstandingly high summer temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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West Nile Virus Epidemic in Germany Triggered by Epizootic Emergence, 2019

Ziegler

Santos

Groschup

et al. 2020

Viruses

Self Cite

110

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One year after the first autochthonous transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) to birds and horses in Germany, an epizootic emergence of WNV was again observed in 2019. The number of infected birds and horses was considerably higher compared to 2018 (12 birds, two horses), resulting in the observation of the first WNV epidemy in Germany: 76 cases in birds, 36 in horses and five confirmed mosquito-borne, autochthonous human cases. We demonstrated that Germany experienced several WNV introduction events and that strains of a distinct group (Eastern German

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Of Wnv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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West Nile Virus Epidemic in Germany Triggered by Epizootic Emergence, 2019

Ziegler

Santos

Groschup

et al. 2020

Viruses

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110

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“…The source of the invading viruses was confirmed to be from Israel, Morocco and Turkey. Later on, in 2018, the virus emerged for the first time in Germany (Ziegler et al 2019). In 1999, WNV first emerged in New York (USA), the increase in mosquito population due to the increase rainfalls and the lengthening of the mosquito activity season due to the increase in temperature leads to the increase of the prevalence of the disease.…”

Section: Mosquitomentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases

El-Sayed

Kamel

2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

196

124

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Global warming and the associated climate changes are predictable. They are enhanced by burning of fossil fuels and the emission of huge amounts of CO 2 gas which resulted in greenhouse effect. It is expected that the average global temperature will increase with 2-5°C in the next decades. As a result, the earth will exhibit marked climatic changes characterized by extremer weather events in the coming decades, such as the increase in temperature, rainfall, summertime, droughts, more frequent and stronger tornadoes and hurricanes. Epidemiological disease cycle includes host, pathogen and in certain cases intermediate host/vector. A complex mixture of various environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and humidity) determines the suitable habitat/ecological niche for every vector host. The availability of suitable vectors is a precondition for the emergence of vector-borne pathogens. Climate changes and global warming will have catastrophic effects on human, animal and environmental ecosystems. Pathogens, especially neglected tropical disease agents, are expected to emerge and re-emerge in several countries including Europe and North America. The lives of millions of people especially in developing countries will be at risk in direct and indirect ways. In the present review, the role of climate changes in the spread of infectious agents and their vectors is discussed. Examples of the major emerging viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases are also summarized.

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West Nile Virus: From Africa to Europe, America, and Beyond

Petersen¹,

Nett²

2022

Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals

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West Nile virus epizootic in Germany, 2018

Cited by 124 publications

References 20 publications

West Nile Virus Epidemic in Germany Triggered by Epizootic Emergence, 2019

West Nile Virus Epidemic in Germany Triggered by Epizootic Emergence, 2019

Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases

West Nile Virus: From Africa to Europe, America, and Beyond

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