West Nile Virus Encephalitis and Myocarditis in Wolf and Dog

Lichtensteiger, Carol A.; Heinz-Taheny, Kathleen; Osborne, Tanasa; Novak, Robert J.; Lewis, Beth A.; Firth, Margaret L.

doi:10.3201/eid0910.020617

Cited by 65 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…18 Recently, West Nile Virus has been reported to cause nonsuppurative myocarditis in a dog and a wolf pup. 13 American trypanosomiasis in dogs is restricted to the southern United States, where the North American insect vectors, Triatoma spp., are found. Trypanosoma cruzi usually affects younger dogs, and lesions in acute disease are usually restricted to the myocardium, with severe necrotizing myocarditis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Use of a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction to Rapidly DifferentiateNeospora CaninumfromToxoplasma Gondiiin an Adult Dog with Necrotizing Myocarditis and Myocardial Infarct

et al. 2005

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Abstract. This report describes a 3-year-old male castrated Mastiff dog that died unexpectedly with locally extensive, acute, necrotizing myocarditis and myocardial infarction. Intralesional protozoal tachyzoites in the affected myocardium were confirmed to be Neospora caninum by a novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Protozoal organisms were not identified in other tissues by histology, immunohistochemistry, or PCR. The multiplex PCR assay was used to quickly provide preliminary results on fresh myocardium to differentiate N. caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. Neosporosis is an uncommon cause of myocarditis in adult dogs and differential diagnoses for myocarditis in this population of dogs are reviewed.

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confidence: 99%

Use of a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction to Rapidly DifferentiateNeospora CaninumfromToxoplasma Gondiiin an Adult Dog with Necrotizing Myocarditis and Myocardial Infarct

et al. 2005

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“…mosquitoes. Many wild vertebrates, including wolves, bears, crocodiles, and alligators, [4][5][6] as well as domestic animals such as horses, cats, and dogs can be naturally infected. 7,8 In 1999, WNV was introduced into the Americas 9 causing an outbreak in New York with subsequent spread throughout the United States.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of West Nile Viruses Isolated from Captive American Flamingoes (Phoenicopterus ruber) in Medellin, Colombia

Osorio

Čiuoderis²,

Lopera³

et al. 2012

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Serum samples from a total of 71 healthy captive birds belonging to 18 species were collected in July of 2008 in Medellin (Colombia) and tested for flaviviruses. Eighteen of 29 samples from American Flamingoes (Phoenicopterus ruber) were positive for West Nile virus (WNV) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Selected positive samples were serially passaged and WNV was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Two isolates (524/08, 9835/08) were characterized in vitro and in vivo. Sequence analysis revealed WNV with 16 nucleotide substitutions resulting in six amino acid changes when compared with the NY99 strain. Colombian (COL) viruses were more closely related to Louisiana isolates from 2001. When compared with attenuated strains isolated from Texas, COL isolates differed in their plaque size and temperature sensitivity phenotype. The COL viruses were pathogenic in embryonated chicken eggs and Balb/c mice.

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“…Mosquitoes are the primary vectors for WNV, and wild birds are the principal hosts (Hubalek and Halouzka, 1999;Campbell et al, 2002;McLean et al, 2002). Evidence of WNV infections in a variety of vertebrates (Steele et al, 2000;Komar et al, 2001;Ludwig et al, 2002;Lichtensteiger et al, 2003;Steinman et al, 2003;Heinz-Taheny et al, 2004) suggests that WNV is widespread in wildlife, and other vertebrate hosts might serve as an overwintering and maintenance reservoir for WNV.…”

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confidence: 99%