2018
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010171
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West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus Monitoring of Wild Birds in Germany

Abstract: By systematically setting up a unique nation-wide wild bird surveillance network, we monitored migratory and resident birds for zoonotic arthropod-borne virus infections, such as the flaviviruses West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV). More than 1900 wild bird blood samples, from 20 orders and 136 different bird species, were collected between 2014 and 2016. Samples were investigated by WNV and USUV-specific real-time polymerase chain reactions as well as by differentiating virus neutralization tests. De… Show more

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Cited by 54 publications
(69 citation statements)
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References 60 publications
(87 reference statements)
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“…However, low WNV activity is also observed in the neighboring countries of Germany (France, Austria, and Czech Republic). Therefore, over the last decade, different monitoring programs were implemented in Germany to screen for WNV RNA and antibodies in birds, horses, mosquitoes and chicken eggs [8][9][10][11][12]. In 2018, an epizootic emergence of WNV was observed in Germany for the first time [13].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, low WNV activity is also observed in the neighboring countries of Germany (France, Austria, and Czech Republic). Therefore, over the last decade, different monitoring programs were implemented in Germany to screen for WNV RNA and antibodies in birds, horses, mosquitoes and chicken eggs [8][9][10][11][12]. In 2018, an epizootic emergence of WNV was observed in Germany for the first time [13].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Until very recently, no autochthonous human cases were published in Germany and WNV RNA was not detected in birds and mosquitoes in Germany (Michel et al., ). But WNV infections are sporadically imported into Germany (Frank, Faber, Hellenbrand, Wilking, & Stark, ; Gabriel et al., ; Schultze‐Amberger, Emmerich, Gunther, & Schmidt‐Chanasit, ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Until very recently, no autochthonous human cases were published in Germany and WNV RNA was not detected in birds and mosquitoes in Germany (Michel et al, 2018) Dengue ELISA IgG and IgM (Human, Wiesbaden, Germany).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is thought that the infection and transmission of avian influenza viruses in these so-called intermediate hosts facilitate the subsequent transfer influenza A virus to humans in a form that can easily be transmitted (Parrish et al, 2015). Birds are also central to the outbreak of West Nile virus because they are the main amplifying host of the virus in nature (Reed et al, 2003;Michel et al, 2018). Furthermore, bird migration provides a mechanism for transmission and spread of pathogenic viruses to new and previously unaffected areas.…”
Section: Emergence Of Viral Diseasesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A better understanding of bird migration patterns and viral diseases of birds would be important to predict future outbreaks of infections caused by emerging zoonotic viruses (Reed et al, 2003). Monitoring studies in wild birds can be used as an early warning system for the incursion of a range of zoonotic viruses (Michel et al, 2018). Different molecular methods, including metagenomics approaches, have been developed and applied for detection and characterization of viruses in birds (Vibin et al, 2018).…”
Section: Emergence Of Viral Diseasesmentioning
confidence: 99%