West Nile Virus and Other Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases — United States, 2017

Curren, Emily J; Lehman, Jennifer; Kolsin, Jonathan; Walker, William L.; Martin, Stacey W.; Staples, J. Erin; Hills, Susan L.; Gould, Carolyn V.; Rabe, Ingrid B.; Fischer, Marc; Lindsey, Nicole P.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6741a1

Cited by 59 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Wisconsin contributed 36 cases out of the 75 cases in 2017. Whether the increased incidence of JtCV cases is attributed to higher surveillance and laboratory testing in certain states, or to greater prevalence of disease in Wisconsin and Minnesota (WI, MN) is not known . To our knowledge, all reported cases of JtCV encephalitis have occurred in immunocompetent hosts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Full recovery occurs in the majority of JtCV neuroinvasive cases. However, there were two deaths due to neuroinvasive disease reported in 2017, both in Wisconsin . Data supporting the use of ribavirin in the treatment of JtCV neuroinvasive disease are lacking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there were two deaths due to neuroinvasive disease reported in 2017, both in Wisconsin. 6 Data supporting the use of ribavirin in the treatment of JtCV neuroinvasive disease are lacking. One report indicated that ribavirin was followed by improvement of the EEG findings as well as symptomatic improvement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Jamestown Canyon virus encephalitis in a heart transplant patient

Askar

Menaria

Thohan

et al. 2019

Transplant Infectious Dis

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Jamestown Canyon virus (JtCV) is an arbovirus and a member of the California serogroup. To our knowledge, all the cases of JtCV have been reported in immunocompetent patients since it was first detected in 1997. We report a case of JtCV encephalitis in a solid organ transplant patient. A 48‐year‐old woman from Wisconsin had multiple hospital admissions for symptoms of progressive confusion, visual hallucinations, and inability to perform self‐care. Initial evaluation was significant for lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and multiple infectious and metabolic causes were excluded. Further investigation found JtCV IgM in serum, and CSF. The patient's clinical course was compatible with JtCV encephalitis, and she was treated with ribavirin in addition to reduction of her immunosuppressive medications. She showed gradual and significant improvement in her mental and functional status. JtCV can cause a variety of symptoms that range from a flu‐like syndrome to encephalitis. There have been an increased number of reported cases in recent years which is attributed to increased physician awareness and the availability of laboratory testing. Optimal treatment is still not known.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Jamestown Canyon virus encephalitis in a heart transplant patient

Askar

Menaria

Thohan

et al. 2019

Transplant Infectious Dis

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“…In fact, from 2009 to 2018, 679 such cases were reported according to the Centers for Disease Control 7 . Further, LACV cases recently have emerged in the southeastern United States, suggesting spread of the virus 8 . The ability of LACV to infect Aedes albopictus mosquitos will likely lead to its continuing spread.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel ionophores active against La Crosse virus identified through rapid antiviral screening

Sandler

Menachery

et al. 2020

Preprint

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AbstractBunyaviruses are significant human pathogens, causing diseases ranging from hemorrhagic fevers to encephalitis. Among these viruses, La Crosse virus (LACV), a member of the California serogroup, circulates in the eastern and midwestern United States. While LACV infection is often asymptomatic, dozens of cases of encephalitis are reported yearly. Unfortunately, no antivirals have been approved to treat LACV infection. Here, we developed a method to rapidly test potential antivirals against LACV infection. From this screen, we identified several potential antiviral molecules, including known antivirals. Additionally, we identified many novel antivirals that exhibited antiviral activity without affecting cellular viability. Valinomycin, a potassium ionophore, was among our top targets. We found that valinomycin exhibited potent anti-LACV activity in multiple cell types in a dose-dependent manner. Valinomycin did not affect particle stability or infectivity, suggesting that it may preclude virus replication by altering cellular potassium ions, a known determinant of LACV entry. We extended these results to other ionophores and found that the antiviral activity of valinomycin extended to other viral families including bunyaviruses (Rift Valley fever virus, Keystone virus), enteroviruses (Coxsackievirus, rhinovirus), flavirivuses (Zika), and coronaviruses (229E and MERS-CoV). In all viral infections, we observed significant reductions in virus titer in valinomycin-treated cells. In sum, we demonstrate the importance of potassium ions to virus infection, suggesting a potential therapeutic target to disrupt virus replication.ImportanceNo antivirals are approved for the treatment of bunyavirus infection. The ability to rapidly screen compounds and identify novel antivirals is one means to accelerate drug discovery for viruses with no approved treatments. We used this approach to screen hundreds of compounds against La Crosse virus, an emerging bunyavirus that causes significant disease, including encephalitis. We identified several known and previously unidentified antivirals. We focused on a potassium ionophore, valinomycin, due to its promising in vitro antiviral activity. We demonstrate that valinomycin, as well as a selection of other ionophores, exhibits activity against La Crosse virus as well as several other distantly related bunyaviruses. We finally observe that valinomycin has activity against a wide array of human viral pathogens, suggesting that disrupting potassium ion homeostasis with valinomycin may be a potent host pathway to target to quell virus infection.

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“…Arthropodborne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of infected mosquitoes and ticks. West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of domestically acquired arboviral disease in the continental United States . Other arboviruses, including eastern equine encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon, La Crosse, Powassan, and St. Louis encephalitis viruses, cause sporadic cases of disease and occasional outbreaks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%