West Nile virus and climate change

Fay, Rachel L.; Keyel, Alexander C.; Ciota, Alexander T.

doi:10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.08.002

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 229 publications

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“…spp. mosquitoes and via higher transmission rates caused by increased WNV replication in salivary glands (reviewed in [34]). West Nile virus transmission in mosquitoes has been shown to increase nonlinearly with increasing extrinsic incubation temperature, suggesting that even a small temperature increase has the potential to substantially increase WNV transmission [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological and clinical evidence of the establishment of West Nile virus in a large urban area in Europe, Berlin, Germany, 2021 to 2022

Ruscher,

Patzina-Mehling,

Melchert

et al. 2023

Eurosurveillance

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Background West Nile virus (WNV), found in Berlin in birds since 2018 and humans since 2019, is a mosquito-borne virus that can manifest in humans as West Nile fever (WNF) or neuroinvasive disease (WNND). However, human WNV infections and associated disease are likely underdiagnosed. Aim We aimed to identify and genetically characterise WNV infections in humans and mosquitoes in Berlin. Methods We investigated acute WNV infection cases reported to the State Office for Health and Social Affairs Berlin in 2021 and analysed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with encephalitis of unknown aetiology (n = 489) for the presence of WNV. Mosquitoes were trapped at identified potential exposure sites of cases and examined for WNV infection. Results West Nile virus was isolated and sequenced from a blood donor with WNF, a symptomatic patient with WNND and a WNND case retrospectively identified from testing CSF. All cases occurred in 2021 and had no history of travel 14 days prior to symptom onset (incubation period of the disease). We detected WNV in Culex pipiens mosquitoes sampled at the exposure site of one case in 2021, and in 2022. Genome analyses revealed a monophyletic Berlin-specific virus clade in which two enzootic mosquito-associated variants can be delineated based on tree topology and presence of single nucleotide variants. Both variants have highly identical counterparts in human cases indicating local acquisition of infection. Conclusion Our study provides evidence that autochthonous WNV lineage 2 infections occurred in Berlin and the virus has established an endemic maintenance cycle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological and clinical evidence of the establishment of West Nile virus in a large urban area in Europe, Berlin, Germany, 2021 to 2022

Ruscher,

Patzina-Mehling,

Melchert

et al. 2023

Eurosurveillance

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Population-specific thermal responses contribute to regional variability in arbovirus transmission with changing climates

Fay,

Cruz-Loya,

Keyel

et al. 2024

iScience

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Sentinel chicken surveillance reveals previously undetected circulation of West Nile virus in the Netherlands

Streng,

Atama,

Chandler

et al. 2024

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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West Nile virus (WNV) was first detected in the Netherlands in 2020, with circulation observed in birds, mosquitoes, and humans in two geographical areas. Usutu virus (USUV) has been circulating in the Netherlands since 2016. Following the detection of WNV in the Netherlands, we investigated the possible use of petting zoos as urban sentinel sites to examine the extent of WNV and USUV circulation around the two WNV outbreak locations. Chickens at petting zoos and in backyards were sampled within a 15-kilometer radius of the confirmed WNV circulation areas at three timepoints over one year (2021–2022). Sera were analysed using a protein microarray for binding antibodies to orthoflavivirus NS1 antigens and reactive samples were confirmed through micro-focus reduction neutralization tests (mFRNT). Furthermore, mosquitoes at sampling locations were collected to assess their blood feeding behaviour. This serosurvey detected the circulation of USUV and WNV in petting zoo and backyard chickens in 2021, both within and outside the 2020 outbreak areas. The WNV circulation was not detected by other existing surveillance schemes in mosquitoes, wild birds, horses and humans. In addition, the results show rapid decay of USUV antibodies in approximately 20 weeks. Our findings support the utility and the added value of petting zoo chickens as sentinels for monitoring USUV and WNV circulation compared to other available methods. Seroconversions observed in petting zoos and backyard chickens living in or near densely populated urban areas further highlighted potential public health risks that went undetected.

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West Nile virus and climate change

Cited by 6 publications

References 229 publications

Ecological and clinical evidence of the establishment of West Nile virus in a large urban area in Europe, Berlin, Germany, 2021 to 2022

Ecological and clinical evidence of the establishment of West Nile virus in a large urban area in Europe, Berlin, Germany, 2021 to 2022

Population-specific thermal responses contribute to regional variability in arbovirus transmission with changing climates

Sentinel chicken surveillance reveals previously undetected circulation of West Nile virus in the Netherlands

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