Were Native People Keystone Predators? A Continuous-Time Analysis of Wildlife Observations Made by Lewis and Clark in 1804-1806

Abstract

It has long been claimed that native people were conservationists who had little or no impact on wildlife populations. More recently, though, it has been suggested that native people were keystone predators, who lacked any effective conservation strategies and instead routinely overexploited large mammal populations. To test these hypotheses, I performed a continuous-time analysis of wildlife observations made by Lewis and Clark because their journals are often cited as an example of how western North America teemed with wildlife before that area was despoiled by advancing European civilization. This included Bison, Elk, Mule Deer, Whitetailed Deer, Blacktailed Deer, Moose, Pronghorn Antelope, Bighorn Sheep, Grizzly Bears, Black Bears, and Grey Wolves. I also recorded all occasions on which Lewis and Clark met native peoples. Those data show a strong inverse relationship between native people and wildlife. The only places Lewis and Clark reported an abundance of game were in aboriginal buffer zones between tribes at war, but even there, wildlife populations were predator, not food-limited. Bison, Grizzly Bears, Bighorn Sheep, Mule Deer, and Grey Wolves were seldom seen except in aboriginal buffer zones. Moose were most susceptible to aboriginal hunting followed by Bison and then Elk, while Whitetailed Deer had a more effective escape strategy. If it had not been for aboriginal buffer zones, Lewis and Clark would have found little wildlife anywhere in the West. Moreover, prior to the 1780 smallpox and other earlier epidemics that decimated native populations in advance of European contact, there were more aboriginal people and even less wildlife. The patterns observed by Lewis and Clark are consistent with optimal foraging theory and other evolutionary ecology predictions.

The Gordian knot of mountain lion predation and bighorn sheep

“…Shrubs, which are the primary forage of mule deer, were an inconspicuous component of desert grasslands prior to 1880 (McPherson ). Reports of mule deer were rare in the diaries of early travelers and were reported to be a minor component of Native American diets (Berger and Wehausen , Potter , Heffelfinger and Messmer , Kay ). The landscape conversion, of historical grasslands to shrub or chaparral, was influenced by grazing of excessive numbers of livestock and feral equids (Berger and Wehausen ).…”

A Brief History of Human-Predator Conflicts and Potent Lessons

“…This served strictly human needs. Here large mammals played an insignificant part, as native people were primarily keystone predators who removed much of the large mammal fauna for food and security (Kay et al 1995, Kay 2007). There may have been, however, some deliberate husbanding of mountain sheep (Matheny et al 2007).…”

Effects of bison on willow and cottonwood in northern Yellowstone National Park

“…First, bison are prevented from moving freely or expanding their range outside the park (White et al, 2011). Second, bison in Yellowstone experience very low predation pressure, compared to what was likely in the past with hunting pressure from humans, and larger numbers of wolves focused on bison (Young and Goldman, 1944;Carbyn, 2003;Kay, 2007). Even if predation was compensatory in ancient times and bison numbers were high, it is likely that predation pressure would have caused bison herds to move, perhaps long distances, as occurs with Canadian bison and wolves (Carbyn, 1997).…”