Soon after the Wanli emperor (r. 1572-1620) came to the Ming throne as a boy of nine, his tutor Zhang Juzheng (1525-1582) compiled an illustrated book about the good and bad actions of past rulers, chronologically arranged, titled The Emperor's Mirror, Illustrated and Discussed.1 It consisted of seventy-two examples of wise actions taken by kings and emperors and thirty-six examples of unwise actions. Each started with a picture, followed by a passage in classical Chinese drawn from original sources, and ended with a paraphrase and discussion of the case in vernacular language, a rare concession to the ruler's age. The examples of good and bad acts range in date from high antiquity to the Song dynasty (960-1276). The admirable practices included accepting advice, rewarding critics, dismissing flatterers, inviting scholars to lecture on the classics, paying respect to the elderly, and maintaining good relations with brothers. Many of the negative examples revolved around extravagance or selfindulgence of one sort or another, including indulging the whims of a favourite concubine, building huge palaces, giving valuables to favourites, and taking long hunting trips or other travels. Some of the acts condemned were truly evil, such as killing people for no reason; at the other extreme we find peccadillos, such as being overly fond of music or sneaking out of the palace incognito.Let me translate three of the shorter examples. The first concerns the emperor whom Chinese scholars found easiest to condemn, the Legalist unifier of China, the First Emperor of Qin (reigned as ruler of all of China, 221-210 BCE):The Qin histories relate: The First Emperor considered the palaces he had inherited from the earlier kings [of Qin] to be cramped, so he built palaces south of the Wei River and in Shanglin park. He first built the front hall for Epang palace. It was 400 paces east to west, and 500 feet north to south. It could accommodate ten thousand people inside, and 1 On this book see Julia K. Murray, 'From Textbook to Testimonial: The Emperor's Mirror, and Illustrated Discussion (Di jian tu shuo/Teikan Zusetsu)