Well to wheels energy and emissions analysis of a recycled 1974 VW Super Beetle converted into a plug-in series hybrid electric vehicle

Strecker, Bryan Anthony; Hausmann, Austin; Depcik, Christopher

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.04.030

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Nevertheless, being null the tailpipe emissions of such vehicles, the electricity generation process has a significant influence on the final EV emissions' results (Nicolay, 2000). Divergent results have been reported in literature when evaluating the TTW phase, showing a wide range of energy consumption values going from 0.10 kWh/km to 0.24 kWh/km, (Campanari et al, 2009a); (De Vroey et al, 2013); (Hawkins et al, 2012); (Helms et al, 2010); (Strecker et al, 2014). Moreover, EV energy consumption does not only depend on technological aspects, but also on driving habits, use of auxiliaries (such as air conditioning and heating system, defroster, power brakes, radio...) and weather conditions (Badin et al, 2013;De Vroey et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability analysis of the electric vehicle use in Europe for CO2 emissions reduction

Casals

Martinez-Laserna²,

García

et al. 2016

Journal of Cleaner Production

281

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Electric vehicles are considered the most promising alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles towards a cleaner transportation sector. Having null tailpipe emissions, electric vehicles contribute to fight localized pollution, which is particularly important in overpopulated urban areas. However, the electric vehicle implies greenhouse gas emissions related to its production and to the electricity generation needed to charge its batteries. This study focuses the analysis on how the electric vehicle emissions vary when compared to internal combustion engine vehicles, depending on the electric power plant fleet and the efficiency during the use-phase. For this to be done, the GWP associated to the electricity generation on the electric vehicle most selling European countries are calculated. Similarly, electric vehicle’s use-phase energy efficiency is calculated under a wide range of driving conditions using the Monte Carlo method. The results from energy production and energy use-phases are compared to the GWP calculated for internal combustion engine vehicles for six different driving cycles, to obtain the threshold values for which electric vehicles provide GWP reduction. These threshold values are then matched with the current electricity power plant fleet and the electric vehicle promotion incentives of the European countries considered in the study, showing that some countries (e.g. France or Norway) are better-suited for electric vehicles adoption, while countries like Spain or Portugal should boost electric vehicle promotion policies. Furthermore, other countries in Europe, such as Germany or the UK that are doing an effort on decarbonizing their power plant fleet, do not offer immediate greenhouse gas emission reductions for the uptake of electric vehicles instead of conventional cars.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability analysis of the electric vehicle use in Europe for CO2 emissions reduction

Casals

Martinez-Laserna²,

García

et al. 2016

Journal of Cleaner Production

281

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The series hybrid topology shown in Figure 3 addresses this problem, decoupling the ICE from the driveline. An electric generator (EG) attached to the engine is used to convert its mechanical power into electricity which can be used to charge the battery pack, to propel the vehicle using the electric motor attached to the driveline or both [94,95]. Being mechanically free to rotate at its own speed, the engine can deliver power in its most efficient working points, most of the time in steady state conditions.…”

Section: Series Hybrid Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Hybrid Electric Architectures in Construction, Handling and Agriculture Machines

Mocera¹,

Somà²

2022

New Perspectives on Electric Vehicles

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Recent regulations on pollutant emissions have pushed working machines manufacturers towards research and development efforts to meet the strict limits imposed. For a long time, the use of gas aftertreatment systems have been the most widely accepted solution to reduce the amount of pollutants produced per unit of work done. However, lower emissions limits lead to larger systems and consequently higher difficulties in vehicle integration. Thus, alternative solutions have been studied in the last years to solve the emissions problem using wisely the on-board space. Hybrid electric technologies represent a valuable alternative in this direction. In this work, a review of the current state of the art in the adoption of hybrid and electric technologies on working vehicles is proposed. Due to the high amount of application fields and concepts for special applications, the analysis focused on the three major fields which however includes most of the working machines: Construction, Handling and Agriculture. This work highlights how the requirements of each specific field, strongly affects the design of an optimal hybrid electric architectures.

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“…The assessment of these usually reveals a complex picture with a mixture of environmental benefits and burdens of BEVs relative to conventional ICEVs (Table 1). In the assessment of environmental and health-related impacts, the reviewed LCA studies either specify pollutant species 115 or, as usually applied in the USA, pollution costs. 33 European researchers, as a third approach, prefer to quantify aggregated impacts at the midpoint (emissions summarized and converted to a unified dimension relative to an environmental mechanism) and the endpoint level (impacts aggregated and dimensionless), with the most popular approach being the ReCiPe method.…”

Section: Toxic Emissions and Further Environmental Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and critical aspects in the life-cycle assessment of battery electric cars

Helmers¹,

Weiss²

2017

EECT

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Concerns over climate change, air pollution, and oil supply have stimulated the market for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The environmental impacts of BEVs are typically evaluated through a standardized life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Here, the LCA literature was surveyed with the objective to sketch the major trends and challenges in the impact assessment of BEVs. It was found that BEVs tend to be more energy efficient and less polluting than conventional cars. BEVs decrease exposure to air pollution as their impacts largely result from vehicle production and electricity generation outside of urban areas. The carbon footprint of BEVs, being highly sensitive to the carbon intensity of the electricity mix, may decrease in the nearby future through a shift to renewable energies and technology improvements in general. A minority of LCAs covers impact categories other than carbon footprint, revealing a mixed picture. There has been little attention paid so far in LCA to the efficiency advantage of BEVs in urban traffic, the gap between on-road and certified energy consumption, the local exposure to air pollutants and noise and the aging of emissions control technologies in conventional cars. Improvements of BEV components, directed charging, second-life reuse of vehicle batteries, as well as vehicle-to-home and vehicleto-grid applications will significantly reduce the environmental impacts of BEVs in the future.

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Well to wheels energy and emissions analysis of a recycled 1974 VW Super Beetle converted into a plug-in series hybrid electric vehicle

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Sustainability analysis of the electric vehicle use in Europe for CO2 emissions reduction

Sustainability analysis of the electric vehicle use in Europe for CO2 emissions reduction

A Review of Hybrid Electric Architectures in Construction, Handling and Agriculture Machines

Advances and critical aspects in the life-cycle assessment of battery electric cars

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