Well-established mutualistic associations between ciliates and prokaryotes might be more widespread and diversified than so far supposed

Vannini, Claudia; Petroni, Giulio; Schena, Angela; Verni, Franco; Rosati, Giovanna

doi:10.1078/0932-4739-00024

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Potential bacterial endosymbionts can also enter the cytoplasm by this pathway (Fokin 2004). The widespread occurrence of ciliate–prokaryote mutualisms may have previously been overlooked although studies are now indicating that these associations have important ‘ecological effects’ and ‘evolutionary implications’ (Vannini et al. 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Potential bacterial endosymbionts can also enter the cytoplasm by this pathway (Fokin 2004). The widespread occurrence of ciliate-prokaryote mutualisms may have previously been overlooked although studies are now indicating that these associations have important 'ecological effects' and 'evolutionary implications' (Vannini et al 2003). Fokin (2004) reports that ciliates without bacterial symbionts are more the exception than the rule and that ciliates are 'pre-adapted' to be suitable hosts.…”

Section: Intracellular Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protozoan–bacterial symbiosis in a deep‐sea hydrothermal vent folliculinid ciliate (Folliculinopsis sp.) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge

et al. 2007

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This study provides a first description of the morphology of Blue Mats: sessile, colonial folliculinid ciliates (Folliculinopsis sp.) that create dense bright blue carpets in certain Juan de Fuca Ridge vent fields and at vents elsewhere. In one area of widespread venting, for example, Blue Mats occupied approximately 70% of the substratum. The ultrastructure of the Blue Mat ciliates was investigated in samples from Axial Volcano on the Juan de Fuca Ridge using conventional scanning electron microscopy and thin section transmission electron microscopy. These Folliculinopsis sp. ciliates secrete and dwell in tubes (loricae). The loricae were colonized by both coccoid and filamentous bacteria‐like structures. Greater densities of coccoid‐ and short‐rod‐shaped bacteria were found between rows of cilia on the ciliate body (zooid) and especially on the peristomal lobes (arm‐like extensions typical to folliculinid ciliates). A coccoid bacterial morphotype (within and independent of a vacuole) was located throughout the ciliate cytoplasm. Groups of this organism clustered within vacuoles were regularly distributed along the ciliate cortex. Electron dense, vacuole‐bound features characterized by stacked membranous structures were also found within the ciliate cytoplasm. These results suggest the existence of at least an endosymbiosis between Folliculinopsis sp. ciliates and bacteria at hydrothermal vents. The chemolithoautotrophic nature of these symbiotic bacteria remains to be confirmed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a protozoan–bacterial symbiosis at vents, as well as the first reported symbiosis in folliculinid ciliates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Intracellular Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Protozoan–bacterial symbiosis in a deep‐sea hydrothermal vent folliculinid ciliate (Folliculinopsis sp.) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge

et al. 2007

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“…Molecular characterization shows a large biodiversity among these symbionts (Irbis and Ushida, 2004; Vannini et al, 2004, 2010, 2014; Rinke et al, 2006; Schrallhammer et al, 2006, 2011, 2013; Ferrantini et al, 2009; Boscaro et al, 2012, 2013a,b,c; Gong et al, 2014; Senra et al, 2015; Szokoli et al, 2016) and also the type of interaction with their hosts can range from mutualistic to parasitic (Kusch et al, 2002; Vannini et al, 2003, 2007; Fels and Kaltz, 2006; Fellous et al, 2011). In this work, we use De Bary's definition of “symbiosys” (de Bary, 1879), as “the living together of two differently named organisms”, independent of effects on the organisms involved, thereby including mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Candidatus Gortzia shahrazadis”, a Novel Endosymbiont of Paramecium multimicronucleatum and a Revision of the Biogeographical Distribution of Holospora-Like Bacteria

et al. 2016

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Holospora spp. and “Candidatus Gortzia infectiva”, known as Holospora-like bacteria (HLB), are commonly found as nuclear endosymbionts of ciliates, especially the Paramecium genus. HLB are related by phylogenetic relationships, morphological features, and life-cycles, which involve two alternating morphotypes: reproductive and infectious forms (RF, IF). In this paper we describe a novel species belonging to the “Ca. Gortzia” genus, detected in P. multimicronucleatum, a ciliate for which infection by an HLB has not been reported, discovered in India. This novel endosymbiont shows unusual and surprising features with respect to other HLB, such as large variations in IF morphology and the occasional ability to reproduce in the host cytoplasm. We propose the name of “Candidatus Gortzia shahrazadis” for this novel HLB. Moreover, we report two additional species of HLB from Indian Paramecium populations: “Ca. Gortzia infectiva” (from P. jenningsi), and H. obtusa (from P. caudatum); the latter is the first record of Holospora from a tropical country. Although tropical, we retrieved H. obtusa at an elevation of 706 m corresponding to a moderate climate not unlike conditions where Holospora are normally found, suggesting the genus Holospora does exist in tropical countries, but restricted to higher elevations.

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“…Ciliated protists not only feed on bacteria and microalgae but can also establish permanent or temporary associations with diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes under certain conditions [20,28,50,65]. These symbiotic associations can increase the fitness of ciliates by endowing the host with the ability to thrive in particular environments, explore new ecological niches, and enhance its defense capabilities against attack or competition [14,25,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Candidatus Sonnebornia yantaiensis”, a member of candidate division OD1, as intracellular bacteria of the ciliated protist Paramecium bursaria (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea)

Gong

Yao

Guo

et al. 2014

Systematic and Applied Microbiology

111

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a b s t r a c tAn intracellular bacterium was discovered in an isolate of Paramecium bursaria from a freshwater pond in Yantai, China. The bacteria were abundant and exclusively found in the cytoplasm of the host which, along with the green alga Chlorella, formed a three-partner consortium that could survive in pure water for at least one week. Cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene showed that the bacterium belonged to the uncultured candidate division OD1, which usually forms part of the rare biosphere. Transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with specific probes showed that the bacteria were usually located close to the perialgal membranes of endosymbiotic Chlorella cells, and occasionally irregularly distributed throughout the host cytoplasm. The name "Candidatus Sonnebornia yantaiensis" gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed for the new bacterium. A strongly supported monophyletic subclade, OD1-p, which included the new species, was recognized and this study highlights that protists can be important hosts for rare bacterial taxa.

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Well-established mutualistic associations between ciliates and prokaryotes might be more widespread and diversified than so far supposed

Cited by 21 publications

References 12 publications

Protozoan–bacterial symbiosis in a deep‐sea hydrothermal vent folliculinid ciliate (Folliculinopsis sp.) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge

Protozoan–bacterial symbiosis in a deep‐sea hydrothermal vent folliculinid ciliate (Folliculinopsis sp.) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge

“Candidatus Gortzia shahrazadis”, a Novel Endosymbiont of Paramecium multimicronucleatum and a Revision of the Biogeographical Distribution of Holospora-Like Bacteria

“Candidatus Sonnebornia yantaiensis”, a member of candidate division OD1, as intracellular bacteria of the ciliated protist Paramecium bursaria (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea)

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