Well-Defined Highly Active Heterogeneous Catalyst System for the Coupling Reactions of Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides

3-(2-Hydroxyl-Ethyl)-1-Propylimidazolium Bromide Immobilized on SBA-15 as Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates via the Coupling of Carbon Dioxide with Epoxides

“…The homogeneous catalysts are alkali metal salts [3,4], organotin or organoantimony compounds [5,6], ionic liquids or onium salts [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], and transition metal complexes [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. For heterogeneous interactions, metal oxides [32][33][34], zeolites [35,36], smectites [37,38], and polyoxometalate [39,40] are used.…”

Insight into the catalytic activity for a series of synthesized and newly designed phosphonium-based ionic liquids on the fixation of carbon dioxide

“…Unfortunately, employing CO 2 as a reagent has been greatly limited because of its kinetic and thermodynamic stability. So many catalysts have been developed for the cycloaddition of CO 2 including metal oxides [10,11], ionic liquids (ILs) [12][13][14][15], transition metal complexes [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], and functional organic compounds and polymers [24][25][26]. Due to the high thermal stability, negligible vapor pressure, and easy recyclability, increasing concerns have been paid on ILs.…”

Ionic Liquids in Green Carbonate Synthesis

“…The chloromethylated PS could be prepared by copolymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) with ST and/or DVB. [49]. Unfortunately, this polymer catalyst was less effective than homogeneous analogue of (pyridine) 2 ZnBr 2 .…”

“…One method for the immobilization is the radical copolymerization of 1-vinyl-3-alkylimidazolium halide with styrene (ST) and/or the cross-linker of divinylbenzene (DVB) using 2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) (Scheme 14-A) [47,48]. Polymerization of vinylpyridine was also reported for the preparation of immobilized pyridinium-based IL (not shown) [49]. Another method to immobilize ILs on PS is the use of chloromethylated PS on which ILs can be immobilized by the reaction between the chloromethyl group and the IL precursor compound (Scheme 14-B) [50,51].…”