Welfare impacts of the illegal wildlife trade in a cohort of confiscated greater slow lorises,<i>Nycticebus coucang</i>

Fuller, Grace; Eggen, Wilhelmina Frederica; Wirdateti, Wirdateti; Nekaris, K. A. I.

doi:10.1080/10888705.2017.1393338

Cited by 71 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(39 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Thus, an important conservation goal for this species is to reduce their use in the illegal pet trade through, among other strategies, public education (Norconk et al, 2020). Slow lorises are confiscated in both range and non-range countries, including Japan (Fuller, Eggen, Wirdateti, & Nekaris, 2018; Kitade & Naruse, 2020; Musing et al, 2015). Once confiscated, lorises are typically transferred to sanctuaries, rehabilitation centres or zoos (Fuller et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same-sex pairs a feasible management strategy?

Yamanashi

Nemoto

Alejandro

2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Little is known about the social behavior of pygmy slow lorises, in particular, the social relationships of same sex individuals have rarely been investigated. The Slow Loris Conservation Centre was built at the Japan Monkey Centre to enhance the welfare of confiscated slow lorises, promote their conservation, improve public education and perform scientific research on the species. In the course of improving housing conditions, several same-sex pairs of pygmy slow lorises were formed. We monitored their behaviors and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) levels to understand whether male same sex pairings could be a feasible management strategy. The subjects were 10 male and 6 female lorises for comparison, all of whom were over five years old. We successfully formed five pairs of male lorises after eight formation attempts. Male pairs initially showed some aggressive behaviors; however, the rate decreased approximately 10 days after introduction. All of the male pairs eventually exhibited extensive affiliative social behaviors, including allogrooming and social play, during the dark (active) phase, and sleep site sharing during the light (inactive) phase. The rate of sleep site sharing during the light phase was higher than expected, suggesting that the pairs preferred to stay near each other. There was no evidence of increased stress after a long period of male male social housing. Female same sex pairs and male female pairs demonstrated a high level of affiliative behaviors right after introduction. These results highlight the flexibility and high sociability of this species and indicate that such same sex pairings are a feasible option for their social management.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same-sex pairs a feasible management strategy?

Yamanashi

Nemoto

Alejandro

2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The facial masks of young and old Javan slow lorises ( N. javanicus ) are strikingly different, based on a human trichromatic visual system; they were once described as two different species [26]. Slow lorises can kill each other with their venom [27], and thus a signal that advertises this weapon could potentially facilitate conspecific avoidance. Although all age classes of slow lorises fight, conflicts with subsequent (potentially fatal) wounds are especially frequent during dispersal when younger animals attempt to settle into a new territory [22,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Slow lorises can kill each other with their venom [27], and thus a signal that advertises this weapon could potentially facilitate conspecific avoidance. Although all age classes of slow lorises fight, conflicts with subsequent (potentially fatal) wounds are especially frequent during dispersal when younger animals attempt to settle into a new territory [22,27]. Younger animals are more pugnacious and one of the few documented cases of near fatality in humans came from the bite of a juvenile slow loris [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venom in Furs: Facial Masks as Aposematic Signals in a Venomous Mammal

Nekaris

Weldon

Imron

et al. 2019

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The function of colouration in animals includes concealment, communication and signaling, such as the use of aposematism as a warning signal. Aposematism is unusual in mammals, and exceptions help us to understand its ecology and evolution. The Javan slow loris is a highly territorial venomous mammal that has a distinctive facial mask and monochromatic vision. To help understand if they use aposematism to advertise their venom to conspecifics or predators with different visual systems, we studied a population in Java, Indonesia. Using ImageJ, we selected colours from the facial masks of 58 individuals, converted RBG colours into monochromatic, dichromatic and trichromatic modes, and created a contrast index. During 290 captures, we recorded venom secretion and aggressiveness. Using Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling and generalised additive models for location, scale and shape, we found that young slow lorises differ significantly from adults, being both more contrasting and more aggressive, with aggressive animals showing fewer wounds. We suggest aposematic facial masks serve multiple purposes in slow lorises based on age. Change in colouration through development may play a role in intraspecific competition, and advertise toxicity or aggressiveness to competitors and/or predators in juveniles. Aposematic signals combined with intraspecific competition may provide clues to new venomous taxa among mammals.

show abstract

“…Unsustainable harvest of wild animals for the pet trade has already led to population decline and collapse of many species (Da Silva et al, 2016; Svensson et al, 2016). In addition, individuals in the illegal market are often handled and transported under appalling conditions, creating an animal welfare concern (Reuter & Schaefer, 2016; Fuller et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation implications of primate trade in China over 18 years based on web news reports of confiscations

Wang

Weldon

et al. 2018

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Primate species have been increasingly threatened by legal and illegal trade in China, mainly for biomedical research or as pets and traditional medicine, yet most reports on trade from China regard international trade. To assess a proxy for amount of national primate trades, we quantified the number of reports of native primate species featuring in unique web news reports from 2000 to 2017, including accuracy of their identification, location where they were confiscated or rescued, and their condition upon rescue. To measure temporal trends across these categories, the time span was divided into three sections: 2000–2005, 2006–2011 and 2012–2017. A total of 735 individuals of 14 species were reported in 372 news reports, mostly rhesus macaques (n = 165, 22.5%, Macaca mulatta) and two species of slow lorises (n = 487, 66.3%, Nycticebus spp.). During the same period, live individuals of rhesus macaques were recorded 206 times (70,949 individuals) in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Trade Database, whereas slow lorises were only recorded four times (nine individuals), indicating that the species originated illegally from China or were illegally imported into China. Due to their rescued locations in residential areas (n = 211, 56.7%), most primates appeared to be housed privately as pets. A higher proportion of ‘market’ rescues during 2006–2011 (χ2 = 8.485, df = 2, p = 0.014), could be partly attributed to an intensive management on wildlife markets since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003. More than half (68.3%, 502 individuals) of the primate individuals were unhealthy, injured or dead when rescued. Thus, identification and welfare training and capacity-building should be provided to husbandry and veterinary professionals, as well as education to the public through awareness initiatives. The increase in presence of some species, especially slow lorises, with a declining population in restricted areas, also suggests the urgent need for public awareness about the illegal nature of keeping these taxa as pets.

show abstract

Welfare impacts of the illegal wildlife trade in a cohort of confiscated greater slow lorises,Nycticebus coucang

Cited by 71 publications

References 33 publications

Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same-sex pairs a feasible management strategy?

Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same-sex pairs a feasible management strategy?

Venom in Furs: Facial Masks as Aposematic Signals in a Venomous Mammal

Conservation implications of primate trade in China over 18 years based on web news reports of confiscations

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About