Weight, shape, and muscularity concerns in male and female adolescents: Predictors of change and influences on eating concern

Hoffmann, Svenja; Warschburger, Petra

doi:10.1002/eat.22635

Cited by 42 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(147 reference statements)

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“…strategies or beliefs, social desirability) underlying the exploration patterns of our study samples; and iv) the number of male participants was too small to detect potential gender differences, although gender differences in body image have been shown in other research (e.g. [42]). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Where Do You Look Visual Attention to Human Bodies across the Weight Spectrum in Individuals with Normal Weight or with Obesity

Leehr¹,

Giel²,

Schäffeler³

et al. 2018

Obes Facts

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Objective: We investigated how individuals with normal weight (NW) versus individuals with obesity (OB) visually explore human bodies varying in BMI. Methods: 16 OB (BMI 37.5 ± 7.7 kg/m²) and 35 NW (BMI 21.5 ± 1.6 kg/m²) visually explored 35 natural photographs and 25 avatars depicting male and female bodies ranging from normal weight to obesity. Gaze behaviour was assessed using eye tracking technology. Additionally, participants rated the attractiveness of all body stimuli. Results: A comparison of the displayed gaze behaviour shown by both participant weight classes indicates that regarding visual stimuli of obese natural bodies, all participants (OB + NW) looked at the waist longer, whereas regarding visual stimuli of normal-weight bodies, all participants viewed the head longer. Overall, OB spent less time looking at the bodies than NW. All participants rated normal-weight bodies as more attractive than obese bodies. However, the NW sample rated the depicted obese bodies as even less attractive than the OB sample did. Conclusions: TheBMI of the explored body, but not the observer's BMI, produces differences in the visual exploration of human bodies. The displayed exploration pattern of obese bodies can cautiously be interpreted as a ‘de-individualised' and ‘obesity-focused' perception. This tendency may prove in close relationship with the negative cultural views on obesity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Where Do You Look Visual Attention to Human Bodies across the Weight Spectrum in Individuals with Normal Weight or with Obesity

Leehr¹,

Giel²,

Schäffeler³

et al. 2018

Obes Facts

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In terms of body evaluation, striving for increased muscularity, referred to as drive for muscularity (35), has emerged as a central issue for boys and men (e.g. [35][36][37][38]. It was shown to be distinct from body dissatisfaction (39).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Dissatisfaction, Importance of Appearance, and Body Appreciation in Men and Women Over the Lifespan

et al. 2019

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Body image disturbance is associated with several mental disorders. Previous research on body image has focused mostly on women, largely neglecting body image in men. Moreover, only a small number of studies have conducted gender comparisons of body image over the lifespan and included participants aged 50 years and older. With regard to measurement, body image has often been assessed only in terms of body dissatisfaction, disregarding further aspects such as body appreciation or the importance of appearance. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore different aspects of body image in the general German-speaking population and to compare men and women of various ages. Participants completed an online survey comprising questionnaires about body image. Body dissatisfaction, importance of appearance, the number of hours per day participants would invest and the number of years they would sacrifice to achieve their ideal appearance, and body appreciation were assessed and analyzed with respect to gender and age differences. We hypothesized that body dissatisfaction and importance of appearance would be higher in women than in men, that body dissatisfaction would remain stable across age in women, and that importance of appearance would be lower in older women compared to younger women. Body appreciation was predicted to be higher in men than in women. General and generalized linear models were used to examine the impact of age and gender. In line with our hypotheses, body dissatisfaction was higher in women than in men and was unaffected by age in women, and importance of appearance was higher in women than in men. However, only in men did age predict a lower level of the importance of appearance. Compared to men, women stated that they would invest more hours of their lives to achieve their ideal appearance. For both genders, age was a predictor of the number of years participants would sacrifice to achieve their ideal appearance. Contrary to our assumption, body appreciation improved and was higher in women across all ages than in men. The results seem to suggest that men's and women's body image are dissimilar and appear to vary across different ages.

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“…Nevertheless, there were also some inconsistent findings. Given the nonsignificant association between ideal BIMTM‐MB body fat scores and drive for thinness, one could question the adequacy of the DTS to assess male‐specific body image concerns, for example, muscularity dissatisfaction (e.g., Hoffmann & Warschburger, 2017), as it was primarily developed to assess symptoms typical for anorexia and bulimia nervosa (e.g., Paul & Thiel, 2005). The only small effect sizes concerning the association between ideal BIMTM‐MB scores and physical training frequency could be explained by factors such as lack of time, or a possible moderating effect of the importance of one's appearance for one's own self‐worth, which, for instance, was found to contribute to exercise dependence over and above mere self‐ideal discrepancy (Lamarche & Gammage, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Body Image Matrix of Thinness and Muscularity—Male Bodies: Development and validation of a new figure rating scale for body image in men

et al. 2020

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Objective: The study aimed to validate the Body Image Matrix of Thinness and Muscularity-Male Bodies (BIMTM-MB), a two-dimensional figure rating scale consisting of 64 three-dimensional male bodies, arranged in an 8 × 8 grid, with muscularity increasing stepwise on the vertical axis and body fat on the horizontal axis. Method: The online sample included 355 men participating in an online survey. Besides the BIMTM-MB, participants completed questionnaires on body-related attitudes, behaviors, and psychopathology. Another 91 men were recruited to examine test-retest reliability of the BIMTM-MB. Results: The BIMTM-MB showed good convergent and criterion validity. Men meeting their own body ideal showed higher body satisfaction and lower body-related psychopathology. Test-retest reliability was high. Conclusions: The BIMTM-MB proved to be a reliable and valid measure and is recommended for use in research and clinical practice to examine central aspects of male body image. K E Y W O R D S body fat, body image, figure rating scale, men, muscularity

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Weight, shape, and muscularity concerns in male and female adolescents: Predictors of change and influences on eating concern

Cited by 42 publications

References 43 publications

Where Do You Look Visual Attention to Human Bodies across the Weight Spectrum in Individuals with Normal Weight or with Obesity

Where Do You Look Visual Attention to Human Bodies across the Weight Spectrum in Individuals with Normal Weight or with Obesity

Body Dissatisfaction, Importance of Appearance, and Body Appreciation in Men and Women Over the Lifespan

The Body Image Matrix of Thinness and Muscularity—Male Bodies: Development and validation of a new figure rating scale for body image in men

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