Weight gain in anorexia nervosa does not ameliorate the faecal microbiota, branched chain fatty acid profiles and gastrointestinal complaints

Mack, Isabelle; Cuntz, Ulrich; Grämer, Claudia; Niedermaier, Sabrina; Pohl, Charlotte; Schwiertz, Andreas; Zimmermann, Kurt; Zipfel, Stephan; Enck, Paul; Penders, John

doi:10.1038/srep26752

Cited by 251 publications

(453 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…During weight gain, abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased even further, whereas Firmicutes abundances increased. Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia abundances were also higher in AN patients, and Verrucomicrobia levels did decrease after weight gain [83]. Moreover, the AN microbiota gained significantly in diversity and richness after weight gain, although this effect may in part be diet dependent [83].…”

Section: Microbial Characteristics In Undernutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The intestinal microbiota, energy balance, and malnutrition: emphasis on the role of short-chain fatty acids

Fluitman

Clercq

Keijser

et al. 2017

Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism

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Introduction: Malnutrition refers to both over-and undernutrition and results from a disruption in energy balance. It affects one in three people worldwide and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The intestinal microbiota represents a newly identified factor that might contribute to the development of malnutrition, as it harbors traits that complement the human metabolic and endocrine capabilities, thereby influencing energy balance. Areas covered: In the current review, we aim to give a comprehensive overview on the microbiota, its development and its possible influence on energy balance, with emphasis the role of short-chain fatty acids. We also consider microbial characteristics associated with obesity and undernutrition and evaluate microbial manipulating strategies. The PubMed database was searched using the terms:

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Section: Microbial Characteristics In Undernutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mack et al [83] compared the microbial composition of AN patients before and after weight gain to normal weight controls. They found that AN patients at baseline had significantly lower levels of Bacteroidetes compared to controls.…”

Section: Microbial Characteristics In Undernutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The intestinal microbiota, energy balance, and malnutrition: emphasis on the role of short-chain fatty acids

Fluitman

Clercq

Keijser

et al. 2017

Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism

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“…Diminished microbial diversity may be associated with unhealthy eating patterns that can lead to the debilitating weight loss associated with AN (Alcock et al, 2014). Alterations to gut microbial profiles in AN patients persist after weight gain, although some increase in microbial richness, including elevated numbers of operational taxonomic units and increased diversity of population, is observed (Mack et al, 2016). Additionally, the presence of specific strains of gut bacteria have been linked to ED-related clinical features, e.g.…”

Section: Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Edsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, Anorexia Nervosa (AN) patients have significantly lower amounts of total intestinal bacteria and higher prevalence of specific bacterial strains, which may reflect altered metabolic capacity resulting from the disorder (Armougom et al, 2009;Morita et al, 2015;Bulik, 2016;Carr et al, 2016;Mack et al, 2016). Gut bacteria may play a role in cravings for specific foods or induce dysphoria to motivate the ingestion of foods (Alcock et al, 2014).…”

Section: Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Edsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microbiota, the Gut and the Brain in Eating and Alcohol Use Disorders: A ‘Ménage à Trois’?

Temko

Bouhlal

Farokhnia

et al. 2017

Alcohol and Alcoholism

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Aims: Accumulating evidence for the influence of the gut microbiota on the bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis suggests a role of the gut microbiota in eating disorders (EDs) and alcohol and substance use disorders. The potential influence of altered gut microbiota (dysbiosis) on behaviors associated with such disorders may have implications for developing therapeutic interventions. Methods: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies evaluating the gut microbiota, EDs and alcohol and substance use disorders was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science databases with the objective being to examine the role of the gut microbiota in behavioral correlates of these disorders. Original papers focused on the gut microbiota and potential behavioral implications were deemed eligible for consideration. Results: The resulting 12 publications were limited to gut microbiota studies related to EDs and alcohol and substance use disorders. Some studies suggest that dysbiosis and gut microbial byproducts may influence the pathophysiology of EDs via direct and indirect interference with peptide hormone signaling. Additionally, dysbiosis was shown to be correlated with alcohol use disorder-related symptoms, i.e. craving, depression and anxiety. Finally, a mouse study suggests that manipulations in the gut microbiota may affect cocaine-related behaviors. Conclusions: Promising, albeit preliminary, findings suggest a potential role of the gut microbiota in behavioral correlates of EDs and alcohol and substance use disorders. Short summary: Preliminary evidence exists supporting the role of the gut microbiota in eating disorders and alcohol and substance use disorders, although additional investigation is needed to determine what is causative versus epiphenomenological.

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“…The mucosa-colonising bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila is strongly correlated with a lean phenotype and increased barrier function (Everard et al 2013, Mack et al 2016, Reunanen et al 2015. The correlation between Akkermansia muciniphila and host might depend on an additional microbial player.…”

Section: Chaptermentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-feeding interactions of gut symbionts driven by human milk oligosaccharidesand mucins

Chia¹

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Chapter 4Microbial metabolic networks at the mucus layer lead to dietindependent butyrate and vitamin B12 production by intestinal symbionts 71 Chapter 5Deciphering trophic interaction between Akkermansia muciniphila and the butyrogenic gut commensal Anaerostipes caccae using a metatranscriptomic approach 97 Chapter 6General discussion 123 Chapter 7 Thesis summary & Nederlandse samenvatting 143 Appendices References 153Co-author affiliations 179Acknowledgements 183About the author 184List of publications 185 VLAG training activities 186Chapter 1 General introduction and thesis outlineChapter 1 2 General introductionHumans can be considered holobionts, consisting of cells from the host and an even larger number of microorganisms (Postler and Ghosh 2017). The majority of microbes are residing in the gut (Sender et al 2016). The human gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem consisting of bacteria, archaea, microeukaryotes and viruses (Clemente et al 2012). Over 2000 species-level phylotypes (prokaryotes including bacteria and archaea) have been detected for the gut microbiota, with each individual estimated to host at least 160 species (Qin et al 2010, Zoetendal et al 2008. The gut microbiota may impact the well-being of human and susceptibility for diseases by interacting with our metabolic, immune and neurological system (Honda and Littman 2016, Koh et al 2016, Rogers et al 2016. Furthermore, the gut microbiota contributes to a variety of metabolic functions and can be seen as an essential part of our digestive system (El Kaoutari et al 2013). Bacterial symbionts allow the human hosts to utilise inaccessible nutrients by converting complex substrates to short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and vitamins (Fisher et al 2017). Bacterial-derived SCFAs are estimated to contribute about 10% of our daily caloric requirement (Bergman 1990). While all SCFAs are vital for maintaining gut homeostasis, butyrate is of particular interest because it has been attributed to a range of health-promoting functions. Butyrate is the primary energy source for colonic epithelial cells and is associated with the enhancement of colonic barrier function, increase of satiety, pain relief, anti-inflammatory responses, and protection against colorectal cancer (Banasiewicz et al 2013, Bolognini et al 2016, Donohoe et al 2011, Furusawa et al 2013, Goncalves and Martel 2013.Considering the physiological benefits of butyrate to human health, this thesis investigates the microbial interaction of gut symbionts that support butyrate production driven primarily by the host produced glycans in human milk and mucus. Glycans are compounds consisting of an array of glycosidically linked monosaccharides (monosaccharides and disaccharides are collectively termed sugars) such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) and mucins (Varki and Kornfeld 2017). HMOS present in mother milk are the major compositional and functional driver of the infant gut microbiota (Backhed et al 2015). Mucin glycans covering the intestinal lining create a stable niche for bacterial coloni...

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Weight gain in anorexia nervosa does not ameliorate the faecal microbiota, branched chain fatty acid profiles and gastrointestinal complaints

Cited by 251 publications

References 57 publications

The intestinal microbiota, energy balance, and malnutrition: emphasis on the role of short-chain fatty acids

The intestinal microbiota, energy balance, and malnutrition: emphasis on the role of short-chain fatty acids

The Microbiota, the Gut and the Brain in Eating and Alcohol Use Disorders: A ‘Ménage à Trois’?

Cross-feeding interactions of gut symbionts driven by human milk oligosaccharidesand mucins

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