Weight‐for‐age and weight‐for‐height references for Hong Kong children from birth to 18 years

Leung, S. S. F.; Lau, Joseph T. F.; Tse, Lai Yu Leo; Oppenheimer, Stephen

doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1996.tb00904.x

Cited by 70 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…All subjects were primary-one students who were recruited during February 2000-May 2000 when they attended one of the 12 Student Health Service Centres of the Department of Health for an annual body check. In 1993, a local cross-sectional growth survey (Leung et al, 1996) classified 8% of the studied children aged 6-7 as overweight (4120% median weight for height). From the same data set, we developed BMI cutoffs that would identify the same 8% of children who are overweight, as well as the corresponding BMI cutoffs that would identify the middle 10% and the lowest 8%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Meal glycaemic load of normal-weight and overweight Hong Kong children

Hui

Nelson

2005

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To describe the pattern of meal glycaemic load of children in Hong Kong and to determine whether the meal glycaemic load is associated with childhood overweight. Method: Dietary records (3-day) of 316 Hong Kong children aged 6-7 years were collected. Glycaemic load was calculated from the estimated weight (WT), carbohydrate content (%CHO) and glycaemic index (GI) of each food taken using the equation: (% CHO Â GI Â WT/100). The meal glycaemic load was then the sum of the glycaemic loads of all food taken in each meal. Logistic regression analyses were used to compare the average meal glycaemic load (of breakfast, lunch and dinner) and other dietary parameters between overweight children and normal-weight children. Results: Breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks provided, respectively, 17, 29, 29 and 25% of the total glycaemic load in a day. White rice (excluding congee (rice porridge) and glutinous rice) contributed almost half of the total glycaemic load. Adjusted logistic regression showed that the meal glycaemic load was not significantly associated with childhood overweight after adjusting for parental obesity, birth weight, sleeping duration, mean energy intake and paternal smoking. Conclusion: Meal glycaemic load calculated from current diet was not an independent factor associated with childhood overweight in children aged 6-7 years. Our data suggested that modifying the type of rice/staple consumed and choosing low-GI snacks could have a major influence on the total meal glycaemic load of young Hong Kong children.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adulthood obesity is defined as BMI of 25 kg m À2 or above. The BMI cutoff for childhood overweight used in this study was defined as X92nd centile of growth data collected in 1993, and it was age and sex specific (Leung et al, 1996).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meal glycaemic load of normal-weight and overweight Hong Kong children

Hui

Nelson

2005

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…In 1993, a growth survey consisted of 25 000 school aged children in Hong Kong showed a higher prevalence of obesity in boys, 13.4 vs 10.6% in girls. 33 In our sample, the number of male subjects was twice more than female and much higher than that in general population. Therefore, our highly selected samples and had preponderance of males subjects with greater degree of obesity may not be applicable to all obese children in Hong Kong.…”

Section: Fatty Liver Altmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Patients were included if they satisfied the following criteria: (1) did not suffer from any chronic liver disease, either clinical or biochemical; (2) had no history of alcohol consumption, and (3) all suffered from primary obesity with body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile according to local sex-and age-specific reference ranges. 16 Use of both conventional and alternative therapies were recorded. The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and informed consent was obtained from the subjects and their parents prior to assessment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatic steatosis in obese Chinese children

et al. 2004

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OBJECTIVES:The aims of our study were: (1) to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic hepatic steatosis and presumed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, in our local population of obese Chinese children referred for medical assessment; and (2) to assess the correlation between severity of ultrasonographic hepatic steatosis and degree of obesity, insulin resistance and serum biochemical abnormalities. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: In total, 84 obese children, 25 girls and 59 boys with median age and body mass index (BMI) of 12.0 years (interquartile range (IR): 9.5-14.0) and 30.3 kg/m 2 (IR: 27.1-33.4), respectively, referred for medical assessment were studied. All subjects underwent physical examination, anthropometric and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan measurements and real-time ultrasonographic (US) examination of the liver. Fasting blood samples were collected for the measurement of liver function, hepatitis status, levels of serum glucose and insulin and lipid profile. Degree of fatty infiltration of the liver was graded according to ultrasonic appearance of liver echotexture, liver-diaphragm differentiation in echo amplitude, hepatic echo penetration and clarity of hepatic blood vessels. RESULTS: All recruited subjects had no history of alcohol abuse and tests for Hepatitis B or C virus were negative. Thorough examination showed all of them to be in general good health without signs of chronic liver disease. Hepatic steatosis identified by defined ultrasonic appearances was diagnosed in 65 subjects (77%); 17 girls and 48 boys. The severity of fatty liver was positively related to anthropometric measurements including BMI, waist and hip circumference, subscapular skinfold thickness; insulin resistance markers [QUICKI and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)], and hypertriglyceridaemia. Multvariate ordinal regression analysis showed that BMI and raised alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were positively associated with fatty liver. Combination of hepatic steatosis with raised ALT (presumptive NASH) was found in 19 subjects (24%). This group of patients had significantly higher waist hip ratio and conicity index compared to those with isolated hepatic steatosis. Boys with presumed NASH were also found to have significantly higher insulin resistance. CONCLUSION: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was common among our cohort of obese children referred for medical assessment. The prevalence of simple steatosis and presumed NASH was 77 and 24%, respectively. The severity of US steatosis was positively correlated with BMI, raised ALT, insulin resistance and hypertryglyceridaemia. Ultrasonography being noninvasive and readily available could be used for the monitoring of the progression of hepatic steatosis. Further longitudinal studies are required to determine the natural disease progression and the role of insulin resistance and other factors in the pathophysiology of NAFLD.

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“…A Hong Kong cross-sectional growth survey, undertaken in 1993, included approximately 24 000 children from birth to 18 y. 2,26 In this survey, overweight was defined as 4120% of median weight-for-height, and based on this definition 8% of children aged 6-7 y old were classified as overweight. We used this same 1993 data set to define BMI cutoffs that would identify the same 8% of children who had previously been classified as overweight, as well as corresponding BMI cutoffs that would identify the middle 10% and the lowest 8% of children in the 1993 data set.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for childhood overweight in 6- to 7-y-old Hong Kong children

Hui

Nelson

et al. 2003

Int J Obes

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OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for overweight in Hong Kong children aged 6-7 y. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Student Health Service Centres, Hong Kong. SUBJECTS: A total of 343 Hong Kong Chinese children aged 6-7 y old categorised into three groups, an overweight group (Z92nd centile for BMI), a normal middle-weight group (45th-55th centile for BMI) and a normal low-weight group (r8th centile for BMI). MEASUREMENTS: Subjects and their parents/caregivers were interviewed at home. Data on lifestyle habits, dietary habits, family structure and demographic background were collected by questionnaire. A 3-day dietary record was administrated by the parents/caregivers to assess dietary intake of the children. RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses (overweight group compared with middle-weight plus low-weight groups) showed that childhood overweight was significantly associated with parental obesity (BMI Z25 kg/m 2 , Asian reference) (paternal: OR ¼ 2.66, 95% CI ¼ 1.51-4.70; maternal: 5.07, 2.62-9.79) but not parental overweight (BMI ¼ 23-25 kg/m 2 ). After adjustment for parental obesity, the odds ratio for childhood overweight was increased by birth weight (o3.0 kg as reference, 3.0-3.5 kg: 2.13, 1.18-3.84; Z3.5 kg: 4.89, 2.49-9.60) and decreased by sleeping duration (o9 h/day as reference, 9-11 h/day: 0.54, 0.30-0.97; Z11 h/day: 0.31, 0.11-0.87). Childhood overweight was also significantly associated with higher energy consumption (2.62, 1.20-5.74) and having a father who was a current smoker (2.08, 1.25-3.46). CONCLUSIONS: Although healthy diet and regular exercise will remain the cornerstones of obesity management in children, our data support the view that education about maintaining a healthy weight could be introduced much earlier in those families with high-risk children, as indicated by high parental BMI or high birth weight. The utility and practicality of such an approach should be carefully evaluated before becoming part of any public health policy. Further study of the role of short sleeping duration and parental smoking on childhood obesity development is warranted.

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Weight‐for‐age and weight‐for‐height references for Hong Kong children from birth to 18 years

Abstract: These Hong Kong growth standards for weight-for-age and weight-for-height are important tools for the assessment of nutritional status of an individual and for monitoring changes in nutritional status of the population.

Cited by 70 publications

References 4 publications

Meal glycaemic load of normal-weight and overweight Hong Kong children

Meal glycaemic load of normal-weight and overweight Hong Kong children

Hepatic steatosis in obese Chinese children

Risk factors for childhood overweight in 6- to 7-y-old Hong Kong children

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