Week Long Topography Study of Young Adults Using Electronic Cigarettes in Their Natural Environment

Robinson, Risa J; Hensel, Edward; Roundtree, K. A.; DiFrancesco, A. Gary; Nonnemaker, James; Lee, Y. O.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164038

Cited by 58 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…As shown in one of our previous studies, the mean PNC per puff was determined by both the puff duration and puff flow rate (Zhao et al 2016). Robinson et al (2016) reported significant intra-subject and intersubject variabilities of both the puff duration and puff flow rate by comparing the puff flow rate and puff duration of 21 subjects under natural puffing conditions for a week. In our study, although we instructed each subject to puff exactly at 3 s intervals, the variances of puff flow rates within and across subjects is likely to result in the large variance in mean PNC per puff as observed in Figure 4.…”

Section: Individual Differencementioning

confidence: 55%

Characteristics of secondhand electronic cigarette aerosols from active human use

Zhao

Nguyen

Lin

et al. 2017

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The electronic cigarette (EC) is a new source of indoor airborne particles. To better understand the impacts of secondhand vaping (SHV) emissions on indoor air quality, real-time measurements of particle size distribution, particle number concentration (PNC), fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), CO 2 , CO, and formaldehyde were conducted before, during, and after 10 min EC-use among 13 experienced users in an 80 m 3 room. To assess particle transport in the room, multiple sampling locations were set up at 0.8, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 m away from the subjects. The arithmetic mean (standard deviation) of background PNC and PM 2.5 concentrations in the room were 6.39 £ 10 3 (1.58 £ 10 2 ) particles/cm 3 and 8 (1) mg/m 3 , respectively. At 0.8 m away from EC users, right after initiation of puffing, the PNC and PM 2.5 concentrations can reach a peak of »10 5 particles/cm 3 and »3 £ 10 3 mg/m 3 , respectively, and then dropped quickly to background levels within 20 s due to dilution and evaporation. At the 0.8 m sampling location, the mean PNC and PM 2.5 concentrations during puffing were 2.48 £ 10 4 (2.14 £ 10 4 ) particles/cm 3 and 188 (433) mg/m 3 , respectively. In addition, two modes of SHV particles were observed at about 15 and 85 nm. Moreover, concentrations of SHV particles were negatively correlated with the distances to EC users. At the 1.5 m location, PNC and PM 2.5 levels were 9.91 £ 10 3 (1.76 £ 10 3 ) particles/cm 3 and 19 (14) mg/m 3 , respectively. Large variations of mean PNC levels exhaled per puff were observed both within and between EC users.

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Section: Individual Differencementioning

confidence: 55%

Characteristics of secondhand electronic cigarette aerosols from active human use

Zhao

Nguyen

Lin

et al. 2017

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…More recent topography data have revealed that puffing behaviour is highly heterogeneous with significant inter‐ and intra‐user variation. For instance, puff duration can range from as low as 0.6 seconds up to 3.4 seconds (Robinson et al, ). Taken from this, a puff duration of 1.5 seconds as used in our study is still reasonable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The toxic potential of a fourth‐generation E‐cigarette on human lung cell lines and tissue explants

Rankin

Wingfors

Uski

et al. 2019

J of Applied Toxicology

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The use of electronic cigarettes (E‐cigs) is rapidly increasing. The latest generation of E‐cigs is highly customizable, allowing for high heating coil temperatures. The aim of this study was to assess the toxic potential of a fourth‐generation E‐cig. Aerosols generated from E‐liquid with (24 mg/mL) and without nicotine, using a fourth‐generation E‐cig, were chemically analysed and compared with cigarette smoke (K3R4F). Human lung epithelial cell lines and distal lung tissue explants were exposed to E‐cig vapour extract (EVE) and cigarette smoke extract for 24 hours and assessed for viability, inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity. E‐cig aerosols contained measurable levels of volatile organic compounds, aldehydes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in general, to a much lesser extent than cigarette smoke. Higher levels of certain carbonyls, e.g. formaldehyde, were detected in the E‐cig aerosols. EVEs decreased cell viability of BEAS‐2B cells, whereas little effect was seen in A549 cells and distal lung tissue. The nicotine‐containing EVE caused a greater decrease in cell viability and significant increase in DNA damage than the nicotine‐free EVE. Increased cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species production and genotoxicity were seen with cells and tissue exposed to cigarette smoke extract compared with EVEs. Although E‐cig aerosols were less toxic than cigarette smoke, it was not benign. Moreover, the EVE containing nicotine was more toxic than the nicotine‐free EVE. More research is needed on the short‐ and long‐term health effects of vaping and the usage of newly emerging E‐cig devices to evaluate better the potential negative effects of E‐cigs on human health.

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“…In contrast, human exposure is active. In the natural environment, puff duration and other puff parameters (e.g., number of puffs, inter-puff interval, flow rate, volume) are controlled by the user (Robinson et al, 2015; Robinson et al, 2016), although manipulation of these parameters through controlled vaping bouts has occurred in laboratory settings (Spindle et al, 2016). In humans, average puff duration for e-cigarettes (“cigalikes” and tank-based systems) appeared dependent upon nicotine concentration (Lopez et al, 2016; Ramoa et al, 2016; Spindle et al, 2016) and showed considerable variability, ranging from 1.8 to 6.1 s (Cunningham et al, 2016; Ramoa et al, 2016; Robinson et al, 2015; Spindle et al, 2016).…”

Section: 0 Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delivery of nicotine aerosol to mice via a modified electronic cigarette device

Lefever

Lee

Kovach

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Although both men and women use e-cigarettes, most preclinical nicotine research has focused on its effects in male rodents following injection. The goals of the present study were to develop an effective e-cigarette nicotine delivery system, to compare results to those obtained after subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, and to examine sex differences in the model. Methods Hypothermia and locomotor suppression were assessed following aerosol exposure or s.c. injection with nicotine in female and male mice. Subsequently, plasma and brain concentrations of nicotine and cotinine were measured. Results Passive exposure to nicotine aerosol produced concentration-dependent and mecamylamine reversible hypothermic and locomotor suppressant effects in female and male mice, as did s.c. nicotine injection. In plasma and brain, nicotine and cotinine concentrations showed dose/concentration-dependent increases in both sexes following each route of administration. Sex differences in nicotine-induced hypothermia were dependent upon route of administration, with females showing greater hypothermia following aerosol exposure and males showing greater hypothermia following injection. In contrast, when they occurred, sex differences in nicotine and cotinine levels in brain and plasma consistently showed greater concentrations in females than males, regardless of route of administration. Discussion In summary, the e-cigarette exposure device described herein was used successfully to deliver pharmacologically active doses of nicotine to female and male mice. Further, plasma nicotine concentrations following exposure were similar to those after s.c. injection with nicotine and within the range observed in human smokers. Future research on vaped products can be strengthened by inclusion of translationally relevant routes of administration.

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Week Long Topography Study of Young Adults Using Electronic Cigarettes in Their Natural Environment

Cited by 58 publications

References 26 publications

Characteristics of secondhand electronic cigarette aerosols from active human use

Characteristics of secondhand electronic cigarette aerosols from active human use

The toxic potential of a fourth‐generation E‐cigarette on human lung cell lines and tissue explants

Delivery of nicotine aerosol to mice via a modified electronic cigarette device

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