Weeds, heat and pure cultures – On the differential success of new technologies in the Danish and American creamery industries in the 1890s

Safe use of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria in food. Bridging the gap between consumers, green groups, and industry

“…Leisner (2005) described the obstacles for the introduction of pasteurization and starter cultures in the late 19 th century to indicate that the gap between industry, consumers and pressure groups is not an entirely new issue.…”

Veterinary bacteriology in Denmark from the 1880s to 2022

“…During the same period, structural developments in Danish agriculture and downstream food processing presented new challenges with regard to controlling introduction of pathogenic bacteria into foods. This was partly solved by a combined response, involving improvement of hygiene and storage as well as introduction of heat treatment, from the farmers and their associated organizations, the country's research institutions and administrative authorities [11,12].…”

“…The pooled skimmed milk presented a risk for transmission of M. bovis between herds at different farms. Consequently, a law was introduced in 1898 that return milk should be pasteurized [11,12].…”

“…C.O. Jensen also played a role by investigating bacterial spoilage of butter [11,12,[23][24][25][26]. Several Danish companies were established to provide starter cultures, such as Chr.…”

Relation between microbial levels of ready-to-eat foods and the monitoring of compliance with HACCP-based own control programs in small Danish food outlets

“…Danish efforts to reinforce high standards in food safety and hygiene by monitoring critical control points during processing were initiated as early as 1904 with the requirement of pasteurization of cream used for production of export butter (Leisner, 2005). From the middle of the 1990s inspection in general changed focus from end product testing to implementing the HACCP system and from 2001 the inspection-reports for Danish food outlets have by order by the Food Minister been available to the general public (Nielsen, 2006).…”