Weed research issues, challenges, and opportunities in India

Abstract

Agriculture is the major source of livelihood for nearly half of the Indian population. However, the productivity of crops is much lower than many countries and needs enhancement to produce ∼400 million tons of food grains for meeting food demands of a population of 1.7 billion by 2050. Diverse climatic conditions in India favor the most adopted weeds to prevail and cause severe crop yield losses. Weeds also degrade quality of the produce, raise cost of production; harbor and serve as alternate hosts to several insect pests and diseases. Parthenium hysterophorus L.; Phalaris minor Retz.; Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees.; Echinochloa spp.; weedy rice; Lantana camara L.; Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Mikania micrantha Kunth., are a few of many major weeds of concern currently in India. Weed management in India is critical to improve crops productivity by minimizing weeds caused crop yield losses and to alleviate other adverse effects of weeds in different ecosystems. In spite of the progress made in evolving weed management technologies for different crops and other ecosystems, weeds continue to be a concern in varying ecosystems. The real challenges of Indian weed research are: managing weeds in small farms; non availability of labor and mechanical tools; inadequate information on weed biology and shifts in weed flora; herbicide resistant weeds; lack of understanding on the impact of climate change on weeds and weed control; popularizing integrated weed management with herbicides use by ensuring safe use to avoid adverse effect on human health, environment and avoid weeds developing herbicide resistance and prevention of entry and management of alien invasive weeds. The greatest opportunity of Indian weed science is the potentiality of appropriate weed management technologies to substantially improve the crops productivity. Thus, weed scientists have a greater role to play in the development, popularization and adoption of location specific effective, economical and eco-friendly weed management technologies for different ecosystems of India.

Weed dynamics, weed control efficiency and yield of aerobic rice as influenced by different weed management practices in eastern U.P.

“…The main challenges in aerobic rice cultivation in India are: reducing/avoiding weed pressure and weed flora shift, combating labour shortages and deep understanding of herbicidal effect in combinations/rotations through intelligent weed management techniques (Rao et al, 2020). Although, weed management through other means are tedious, time consuming and impractical thus; herbicidal use is the smartest and viable options of weed management.…”

Allelopathic Effects of Sphaeranthus suaveolens on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Phaseolus vulgaris and Oryza sativa

“…Weeds have been reported to significantly affect crop production by competing for light, water, nutrients, and space thereby threatening the economic growth and food security of smallholder farmers [3][4][5][6]. Additionally, these unwanted plants have been observed to host insect pests and diseases [7][8][9] as well as disrupting and interfering with natural interactions by displacing native species, distracting pollinators, and other insects that are beneficial in the smallholder farming systems [10][11][12].…”

Seleção de espécies de >i<Streptomyces>/i< spp. para o biocontrole de capim-pé-de-galinha (>i<Eleusine indica>/i<) em soja

“…As plantas daninhas são as mais severas e difundidas causas de limitações aos sistemas de produção agrícola e causam danos em terras cultivadas e não cultivadas. Reduzem o rendimento das culturas, degradam a qualidade dos produtos, além de aumentar o custo de produção (RAO et al, 2018). O manejo de plantas daninhas é um dos principais desafios para a sustentabilidade agrícola.…”

“…Além das perdas de rendimento e nutrientes, as daninhas também servem como hospedeiras alternativas para várias pragas e doenças e podem reduzir valor do produto final. Em terras não cultivadas, causam riscos à saúde e perda de biodiversidade (LI et al, 2003;SARDANA et al, 2017;RAO et al 2018).…”

“…controle biológico clássico de plantas daninhas que utiliza inimigos naturais estimulou o interesse como uma solução ambientalmente responsável e econômica para o controle de daninhas(RAO et al, 2018). Na Austrália larvas do inseto Cactoblastis cactorum Berg foram utilizadas para controlar cactos (Opuntia spp.)…”