“…Of the cognitive paradigms screened, three categories of tasks based on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition (WAIS-III), namely, picture completion (missing object), matrix reasoning (which symbol comes next) and picture arrangement (story board) were found to be most effective for DLPF activation. Detailed descriptions of these cognitive paradigms can be found elsewhere [19]. A representative fMRI activation map is shown in Fig.…”
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPF) activation in response to cognitive paradigms engaging working memory was quantitatively evaluated using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in cognitively normal individuals across the age spectrum (20-90 years; 8 females, 52 males). DLPF activation score (DAS) demonstrated a significant decline (r(2) = -0561, p < 0.05) as a function of age. The study indicates that blood flow response associated with DLPF activation declines as a function of age in cognitively normal individuals and that fNIRS can be used as a convenient, portable tool for assessing such activation.
“…Of the cognitive paradigms screened, three categories of tasks based on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition (WAIS-III), namely, picture completion (missing object), matrix reasoning (which symbol comes next) and picture arrangement (story board) were found to be most effective for DLPF activation. Detailed descriptions of these cognitive paradigms can be found elsewhere [19]. A representative fMRI activation map is shown in Fig.…”
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPF) activation in response to cognitive paradigms engaging working memory was quantitatively evaluated using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in cognitively normal individuals across the age spectrum (20-90 years; 8 females, 52 males). DLPF activation score (DAS) demonstrated a significant decline (r(2) = -0561, p < 0.05) as a function of age. The study indicates that blood flow response associated with DLPF activation declines as a function of age in cognitively normal individuals and that fNIRS can be used as a convenient, portable tool for assessing such activation.
“…Intellectual Assessment Participants also completed the WASI (Wechsler 1999), WISC-IV (Wechsler 2003), or the WAIS-III (Wechsler 1997). Full-scale IQ scores were based on the four subtest administration of the WASI and full administration of the WISC-IV and WAIS-III; reliability and validity of these measures are reported to be adequate for providing an estimate of full-scale IQ (Sattler 2008).…”
To examine the unity and diversity of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom domains of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a clinical sample of adolescents with ADHD. Parents and adolescents were administered a semi-structured diagnostic interview, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), to assess adolescent ADHD. Data from 201 parent interviews and 189 adolescent interviews were examined. Four potential factor structures for the 18 ADHD symptoms were tested using confirmatory factor analysis: two models with correlated factors and two bifactor models. A bifactor model with two specific factors best accounted for adolescent symptoms, according to both parent and adolescents' reports. Replication of these findings from behavioral rating scales completed for this sample by parents and teachers indicates that the findings are not method- or informant-specific. The results suggest that there is an important unitary component to ADHD symptoms and separable dimensional traits of Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity.
“…Our measure of auditory-working memory was the Digit Span subtest from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III; Wechsler, 1991) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III; Wechsler, 1997). Our measure of visualspatial memory was the Spatial Span subtest from the WISC-III Processing Instrument (WISC-III-PI, Kaplan, Fein, Kramer, Delis, & Morris, 1999).…”
Section: Memory Span and Working Memory Tasksmentioning
Time perception performance was systematically investigated in adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Specifically, the effects of manipulating modality (auditory and visual) and length of duration (200 and 1000 ms) were examined. Forty-six adolescents with ADHD and 44 controls were administered four duration discrimination tasks and two control tasks, and a set of standardized measures. Participants with ADHD had higher thresholds than controls on all of the duration discrimination tasks, with the largest effect size obtained on the visual 1000 ms duration discrimination task. No group differences were observed on the control tasks. Visual-spatial memory was found to be a significant predictor of visual and auditory duration discrimination at longer intervals (1000 ms) in the ADHD sample, whereas auditory verbal working memory predicted auditory discrimination at longer intervals (1000 ms) in the control sample. These group differences suggest impairments in basic timing mechanisms in ADHD.
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