Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence

Wechsler, David

doi:10.1037/t15170-000

Cited by 3,692 publications

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“…Spatial working memory and sustained attention were evaluated by the computerized CANTAB battery, using the spatial working memory (SWM) 38 and rapid visual information processing (RVP) subtests 39 , respectively. Intelligence was evaluated using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-I) 40 . For neuroimaging, MRI examinations were conducted on a 1.5 T whole body Philips Achieva scanner.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CNVs conferring risk of autism or schizophrenia affect cognition in controls

Stefánsson

Meyer‐Lindenberg

Steinberg

et al. 2013

Nature

610

568

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In a small fraction of patients with schizophrenia or autism, alleles of copy-number variants (CNVs) in their genomes are probably the strongest factors contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. These CNVs may provide an entry point for investigations into the mechanisms of brain function and dysfunction alike. They are not fully penetrant and offer an opportunity to study their effects separate from that of manifest disease. Here we show in an Icelandic sample that a few of the CNVs clearly alter fecundity (measured as the number of children by age 45). Furthermore, we use various tests of cognitive function to demonstrate that control subjects carrying the CNVs perform at a level that is between that of schizophrenia patients and population controls. The CNVs do not all affect the same cognitive domains, hence the cognitive deficits that drive or accompany the pathogenesis vary from one CNV to another. Controls carrying the chromosome 15q11.2 deletion between breakpoints 1 and 2 (15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion) have a history of dyslexia and dyscalculia, even after adjusting for IQ in the analysis, and the CNVonly confers modest effects on other cognitive traits. The 15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion affects brain structure in a pattern consistent with both that observed during first-episode psychosis in schizophrenia and that of structural correlates in dyslexia.Little information is available on whether or how rare CNVs conferring high risk of schizophrenia and/or autism affect physiologic function of otherwise normal brains. As none of these CNVs hitherto described are fully penetrant for the diseases, and both schizophrenia and autism affect cognition, we aimed to examine the possibility that the CNVs affect cognition in control carriers, those who do not suffer either disease or intellectual disability. We based our selection of CNVs on a literature search for CNVs associated with schizophrenia and/or autism ('neuropsychiatric CNVs'); this search produced 26 CNV alleles (Supplementary Table 1) 1-3 . These CNV alleles are rare, found in 0.002% to 0.2% frequency, and cumulatively in 1.16% of our sample of 101,655 genotyped subjects, representing approximately one-third of the Icelandic population ( Supplementary Tables 1 and 2).We used the subset of genotyped subjects born before 1968, without excluding patients, to examine the association of each neuropsychiatric CNV with reproductive outcome ('fecundity'), defined simply as the number of children each subject had by age 45. After correction for multiple comparisons, three neuropsychiatric CNVs were significantly associated with fecundity (Table 1). Subjects carrying the 16p11.2 deletion or the 22q11.21 duplication show reduced fecundity, with the effect in males significantly greater than in females (P 5 0.0083 and P 5 0.029 for the difference in effect by sex for the 16p11.2 deletion and the 22q11.21 duplication, respectively). In contrast, individuals carrying the 16p12.1 deletion have more children than do controls (Table 1). Those with deletions at 15q11.2(...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The WASI-I test includes four subtests: vocabulary and similarities, both tests of verbal IQ, and matrix reasoning and block design, both tests of performance IQ 40 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CNVs conferring risk of autism or schizophrenia affect cognition in controls

Stefánsson

Meyer‐Lindenberg

Steinberg

et al. 2013

Nature

610

568

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“…Mothers completed the Vocabulary subtest from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (Wechsler, 1999) in which a series of words are defined up to a discontinuation rule. Responses are scored 0, 1, or 2 using the criteria in the manual for a maximum of 42 items.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Home Literacy Environment Is a Correlate, but Perhaps Not a Cause, of Variations in Children’s Language and Literacy Development

Puglisi

Hulme

Hamilton

et al. 2017

Scientific Studies of Reading

149

115

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The home literacy environment is a well-established predictor of children’s language and literacy development. We investigated whether formal, informal, and indirect measures of the home literacy environment predict children’s reading and language skills once maternal language abilities are taken into account. Data come from a longitudinal study of children at high risk of dyslexia (N = 251) followed from preschool years. Latent factors describing maternal language were significant predictors of storybook exposure but not of direct literacy instruction. Maternal language and phonological skills respectively predicted children’s language and reading/spelling skills. However, after accounting for variations in maternal language, storybook exposure was not a significant predictor of children’s outcomes. In contrast, direct literacy instruction remained a predictor of children’s reading/spelling skills. We argue that the relationship between early informal home literacy activities and children’s language and reading skills is largely accounted for by maternal skills and may reflect genetic influences.

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“…These were available by one of the following five neuropsychological measures, according to best practice standards: (1) Bayley Scales of Infant Development -2nd edition (BSID), 23 (2) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale -5th edition, 24 (3) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence -3rd edition, 25 (4) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children -4th edition 26 and (5) Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence -revised. 27 The BSID and Stanford-Binet also provide mental age scores, which are based on a patient's raw score converted to a mental age at which an average child would obtain that score. For the patients who were at the floor of the age-appropriate standardized scores, we calculated developmental quotients (DQs) (mental age/ chronological age Â100), where a DQ of 100 would be considered the mean.…”

Section: Cognitive Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype and cognitive phenotype of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex

et al. 2011

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Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant, multisystem disorder, which affects 1 in 6000 people. About half of these patients are affected by mental retardation, which has been associated with TSC2 mutations, epilepsy severity and tuber burden. The bimodal intelligence distribution in TSC populations suggests the existence of subgroups with distinct pathophysiologies, which remain to be identified. Furthermore, it is unknown if heterozygous germline mutations in TSC2 can produce the neurocognitive phenotype of TSC independent of epilepsy and tubers. Genotype-phenotype correlations may help to determine risk profiles and select patients for targeted treatments. A retrospective chart review was performed, including a large cohort of 137 TSC patients who received intelligence assessment and genetic mutation analysis. The distribution of intellectual outcomes was investigated for selected genotypes. Genotype-neurocognitive phenotype correlations were performed and associations between specific germline mutations and intellectual outcomes were compared. Results showed that TSC1 mutations in the tuberin interaction domain were significantly associated with lower intellectual outcomes (Po0.03), which was also the case for TSC2 protein-truncating and hamartin interaction domain mutations (both Po0.05). TSC2 missense mutations and small in-frame deletions were significantly associated with higher IQ/DQs (Po0.05). Effects related to the mutation location within the TSC2 gene were found. These findings suggest that TSC2 protein-truncating mutations and small in-frame mutations are associated with distinctly different intelligence profiles, providing further evidence that different types and locations of TSC germline mutations may be associated with distinct neurocognitive phenotypes.

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Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence

Cited by 3,692 publications

References 0 publications

CNVs conferring risk of autism or schizophrenia affect cognition in controls

CNVs conferring risk of autism or schizophrenia affect cognition in controls

The Home Literacy Environment Is a Correlate, but Perhaps Not a Cause, of Variations in Children’s Language and Literacy Development

Genotype and cognitive phenotype of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex

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