Weathering Patterns on Hard Limestone and Dolomite by Endolithic Lichens and Cyanobacteria

Paleoclimate and vegetation of the Last Glacial Cycles in Jerusalem from a Speleothem Record

“…This implies that under "normal" conditions, half of the carbon in speleothems will be derived from bedrock and the other half will be derived mainly from the vegetation above the cave which supplies most of the CO2 in the soil atmosphere. Our range of 15•3C values (Figure 4) [Danin, 1983;Danin et al, 1983]. We would expect rather slow growth rates for speleothems because the rate of dissolution of calcite is slow under these conditions.…”

Spatial distribution and development of soils in tropical karst areas from the Peninsula of Yucatan, Mexico

“…These soils are classified as Cambic Leptosols, Cambisols, Luvisols, Nitisols and Haplic Vertisols (Chromic) according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (IUSS working group WRB, 2006). Several hypotheses have been used to explain Terra Rossa formation: (a) rock and climate as principal soil forming factors and dissolution of limestone as the main process that produces lime-free residues (Kubiëna, 1953;Bronger et al, 1983;Scholten and Andriesse, 1986); (b) the contribution of allochthonous materials, mainly of eolian origin, in the USA (Olson et al, 1980), Israel (Danin et al, 1983), Turkey (Aydinalp, 1997), the Mediterranean region (Yaalon, 1997;Durn, 2003;Muhs et al, 2010), Croatia (Durn et al, 1999), Jamaica (Muhs and Budhan, 2009), and México (Cabadas et al, 2010); (c) the residual dissolution of red limestone formed by debris mud, ash or eolian dust, principally in the Bahamas, Antilles, México, USA (Florida, Texas, and Kentucky), Spain, Israel and Australia (Merino et al, 2006ab;Merino and Banerjee, 2008). The latter hypothesis refers to the replacement of limestone by authigenic clay along a narrow reaction front.…”

The contribution of aeolian material to an Aridisol from southern Jordan as revealed by mineralogical analysis

“…Other Terra Rossa soils in Israel developed on limestone show thicknesses that are inconsistent with the small amount of insoluble residue left by the dissolution of the carbonate rocks (Yaalon and Ganor, 1973). Also in Israel, Danin et al (1983) showed that below soils up to 65 cm thick, cryptogamic imprints left by lichens were preserved on the surface of limestone bedrock. This observation proved that dissolution of limestone had been at a minimum and that the overlying soil could not have developed from the insoluble residue of limestone.…”